cingulata stock culture and for helpful discussions. Nick Bope and Casey Cunningham helped us with annotation. Funding and support were received from the BioMedical Genomics Center and the Initiative for Renewable Energy and the Environment and at the University of Minnesota. S.H. and J.S.G. contributed equally to this work. Table S1. Cumulative codon

use in the cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad4L, nad5, nad6, rps3, atp6, atp8 and atp9 mitochondrial genes of Trametes cingulata. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be Trametinib directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“The lignin peroxidase (LiP) from Trametes cervina was cloned, characterized, and identified as a novel fungal peroxidase. The sequence of T. cervina LiP encodes the essential amino acids for shaping the heme cavity and calcium-binding sites, which are conserved in plant and fungal peroxidases. However, a sequence homology analysis showed that T. cervina LiP has two unique features: it lacks the conserved tryptophan residue corresponding to the substrate-oxidation site (Trp171) of Phanerochaete

chrysosporium LiP and it has a tyrosine residue (Tyr181) that has never Crizotinib mw been reported in other lignin peroxidases. A tertiary model of T. cervina LiP showed that Tyr181 sterically adjacent to the 6-propionate group of Avelestat (AZD9668) heme is surrounded by acidic amino acids and is exposed to the exterior. These attributes indicate that Tyr181 could be a T. cervina LiP substrate-oxidation site. A phylogenetic analysis showed that T. cervina LiP does not cluster with any other fungal peroxidases, suggesting that it is a unique molecule that is evolutionarily distant from other peroxidases. Thus, we concluded that T. cervina LiP could be a novel secreted peroxidase,

among those produced by fungi, with a new oxidation mechanism probably involving Tyr181. Lignin in wood and other lignocellulosic materials is the most abundant renewable aromatic polymer, and is one of the most recalcitrant biomaterials on the earth (Glasser et al., 2000; Gellerstedt & Henriksson, 2008). Lignin peroxidase (LiP; EC: 1.11.1.14) is an extracellular heme peroxidase of white-rot basidiomycetes. This enzyme is involved in the initial oxidative depolymerization of lignin by these fungi. LiP has high oxidative potential and ability to oxidize bulky substrates, enabling lignin oxidation (Hammel & Cullen, 2008; Ruiz-Dueñas & Martínez, 2009). These unique properties are of interest for applications in paper pulp bleaching and bio-ethanol production from woody biomass (Martínez et al., 2009). LiP was first isolated from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Glenn et al., 1983; Tien & Kirk, 1983) and later from other fungi (Johansson & Nyman, 1993; Heinfling et al., 1998; ten Have et al., 1998).