In Vietnam, the rapid increase in forest area since the early 1990s resulted in a reversal of the national deforestation

trend (Meyfroidt and Lambin, 2008b). The national-scale assessment masks a wide range of other land use dynamics that exist at the local scale, and that are not necessarily conform to the trends in forest cover change at national scale. In the Sa Pa district, reforestation was observed at the mid of the 2000s, some years later than was observed at national scale. This time point roughly corresponds to the strong increase in number of tourists to Sa Pa (Fig. 1). There is a wide variety of human-induced change in forest cover. Forest cover changes are different in villages that are strongly involved in tourism activities. They are characterized by significantly higher rates of land abandonment and lower rates of Sunitinib ic50 deforestation. This can be explained by recent changes in labour division and income in rural households. In the traditional ethnic

society, labour was mainly divided by gender (Duong, 2008b). Traditionally, women were primarily responsible for housework, agricultural labour and firewood collection while men were in charge of the heavy works such as logging, plowing, building houses and processing tools (Cooper, 1984, Sowerwine, 2004a and Symonds, 2004). This traditional labour division was challenged by the rapid growth of the tourism industry in Sa Pa town (Duong, 2008b). As the demand for traditional handicrafts increased strongly and trade opportunities appeared, women from ethnic minorities engaged in these activities (Michaud and Turner, 2000). Today, many young Akt inhibitor female from rural villages act as trekking guides, and young and old women TCL from ethnic minorities alike sell textile commodities to tourists (Turner, 2011). Some of them have become professional tour guides and are hired by hotels and travel agencies

in town, and can gain higher incomes (Duong, 2008a). With this extra income, they can live independently, make their own money and are able to provide financial support to their families (Duong, 2008a). The development of tourism activities mainly offered new off-farm opportunities for women from ethnic minorities, having as a direct consequence that women are now less involved in agricultural activities while men are more involved into household management. As there is less labour available for agricultural activities, cutting or clearing of trees, marginal agricultural fields with low productivity are preferentially abandoned (Fig. 5D) and deforestation is reduced. Our results suggest that the additional income from tourism is sufficiently high to exceed the added value that can be gained from steep land agriculture or from forest extraction. The fallowed fields will regenerate into shrubs and secondary forests that can develop the optimal ecological conditions for cardamom cultivation.