Medications such as pioglitazone [6], uridine [7] and pravastatin [8] have been shown to have some effect on

Nintedanib molecular weight limb lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients; however, the mechanisms by which they work and their potential side effects are not well documented. In the absence of a therapeutic intervention to reverse lipoatrophy, injection of soft-tissue fillers appears to be the simplest way to correct facial lipoatrophy. Many soft-tissue fillers, both biodegradable and permanent, have been studied in HIV facial lipoatrophy, however, long-term clinical safety and efficacy data are lacking. Biodegradable fillers have a good safety profile, but treatment with such fillers has to be repeated over time. Permanent fillers have a durable effect and the benefit of lower treatment costs, however, NVP-LDE225 in vivo they may be difficult

to remove if complications occur [9]. Biodegradable fillers include hyaluronic acid, polylactic acid, collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite. Injectable silicone, polymethylmethacrylate microspheres and polyalkylimide gel are examples of permanent fillers. Injected autologous fat can be both non-permanent and permanent. In the treatment of HIV-associated lipoatrophy, few data are available beyond a 12-month follow-up period regarding the efficacy, safety and durability of both biodegradable and permanent fillers. Despite many studies documenting the use of polylactic acid to correct facial lipoatrophy in HIV-positive adults, only one study has published results from 3 years of follow-up [10]. Injectable hyaluronic acid derivatives are widely used as biodegradable dermal fillers for soft-tissue augmentation in the general population today, and have replaced collagen as the standard injection material [11]. Hyaluronic acid products have been demonstrated to have a good safety profile, and few complications have been reported after the product was improved

[12]. The hyaluronic acid product Restylane (Q-Med AB, Uppsala, Sweden) is produced from a hyaluronic acid preparation obtained by bacterial fermentation. The use of a non-animal source is Unoprostone thought to reduce the likelihood of antigenic contamination and subsequent hypersensitivity reactions. Natural hyaluronic acid found in the body is highly susceptible to enzymatic degradation and is rapidly reabsorbed in situ. As a result of this, hyaluronic acid derivatives are stabilized in order to improve their resistance to enzymatic degradation and prolong their cosmetic effect [13]. After treatment, hyaluronic acid chains are slowly released from the injected gel and biodegraded by the same mechanisms as those that degrade the body’s own hyaluronic acid. Restylane received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 [12]. The new Restylane product Restylane SubQ™ (Q-Med AB) was introduced in September 2004. The main difference between Restylane SubQ and other Restylane products is the size of the gel particles and the intended level of injection.