Our Selumetinib four-year study indicated that inter tillage and subsoiling loosen the soil, break up the plow pan caused by multiyear conventional soil management, and enhance root penetration to depth. Subsoil tillage management also reduces soil bulk density [22] and [28], deepens the active soil layer, and effectively increases soil water storage capacity [15] and [31]. After

subsoiling tillage, the proportions of root length and surface area in deeper soil were significantly increased, especially under subsoil tillage to 50 cm (Fig. 2 and Fig. 3), owing largely to the increased depth of the subsoil, which promotes root proliferation during the growing season. Two main contributions are root length and root diameter, which result in increased root surface for water and nutrient absorption

[32]. Dai et al. [33] emphasized that the root distribution under the plow pan may also play a key role in the uptake and utilization of nutrients and water in deep soil, especially after flowering, for the reason that the active layer for nutrient uptake by the root system is then below the 30 cm soil layer [34]. At the early filling stage, the uptake capacities for nutrients and water in the soil under the subsoil tillage treatments were greater than that under the CK treatment (Table 3, Fig. 6). Subsoil tillage also had positive effect on soil moisture, especially in deep soil, and soil water content was significantly increased below 40 cm, even during a dry PKC signaling season (Fig. S1). Thus, subsoil tillage not only

enhances soil water storage capacity but enhances crop uptake of nutrients and water, increasing grain weight [21] and ultimately, grain yield of maize [35] and [36]. The depth of subsoiling is an important cost consideration for farmers. Most of the published papers Etomidate concerning northeastern China were reviewed and the results suggested no significant difference between 30 and 40 cm subsoiling depths (Table 5). Most studies have been performed over a single year with too-small differences in subsoiling depth to reflect the actual situation. In the present study, no significant differences were observed in N, P, and K accumulations, biomass, yield and components in maize under different subsoil tillage treatments except in 2012. Environment (year) and interaction with subsoiling treatment showed a significant effect on nutrient uptake, plant growth, and grain yield (Table 1). An accurate evaluation of subsoil tillage should be obtained by a long term experiment [15]. However, the deeper the subsoiling layer, the more roots developed in deeper soil under the T2 treatment, and root diameter under the T2 treatment was significantly higher than that under the T1 treatment. Our analysis suggests that subsoil tillage as deep as the 50 cm soil layer improves soil physical behavior and reduces soil mechanical resistance to root penetration [22].