Therefore, the aim was to use as much as possible public data sources that are freely available. Historic monthly

climate data from 1901 to 2009 as spatial fields with a half degree (approximately 50 km) resolution were obtained from the following sources: • Precipitation: Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC, version 5, published 2011), Deutscher Wetterdienst, Germany. The CRU temperature data in the Zambezi basin are based on interpolation from only few (approximately 10) stations, Alectinib solubility dmso but in general interpolation of temperature data is assumed to be accurate due to strong correlation with elevation. Of more concern are the precipitation data, due to high spatial variability and the associated problems in interpolation from point measurements (see an assessment for the Zambezi region by Mukosa et al., 1995). In the Zambezi basin upstream Tete, GPCC is based on interpolation from approximately 100 stations during 1961–1990, but considerably fewer stations in other periods, especially after 1990 (Fig. 2). For such a large study area with more than 1 Mio km2 this is a small number of stations given the high spatial heterogeneity of precipitation. However, the GPCC data set represents the best long-term observational data set available for the region. Note that the precipitation data of CRU – as used by, e.g. Beck and Bernauer (2011) – are DNA Damage inhibitor based on only approximately half the number of stations as GPCC. Long-term mean monthly

potential evapotranspiration (mPET) data were obtained from the CLIMWAT data set of FAO for 30 stations in the region. The Penman–Monteith method (Monteith, 1965) was used in the CROPWAT model of FAO to calculate the sensitivity of mPET to changes in temperature. It was found that for an increase in temperature by +1 °C there is an increase in mPET by +2.5%, with insignificant differences in this factor between stations and months. Thus, this

relationship is also used for preparing potential Etofibrate evapotranspiration time-series from historic and future (projected) temperature data (see equation in Appendix). Climate scenario data about future precipitation and temperature were obtained from the recently finished EU WATCH project (WATer and global CHange, published 2011, http://www.eu-watch.org). In the WATCH project, daily data of GCMs (General Circulation Models, or Global Climate Models) were downscaled with quantile mapping with observed data of 1960–2000 (Piani et al., 2010) to a half degree spatial resolution. We applied an additional, small bias correction (linear scaling, see e.g. Lenderink et al., 2007) to aggregated monthly data, such that the GCM data matched the climatology 1961–1990 of the GPCC precipitation data and CRU temperature data. In this paper we report on the results with two climate models for the IPCC A2 emission scenario (high emissions), as summarized in Table 1. Observed time-series of monthly discharge was obtained for 22 gauges. As Hughes et al.