For measuring histamine release, cells were sensitized with 0. 1 ug/ml anti 4 hydroxy 3 nitrophenylacetyl hapten IgE overnight, and then cross linked with 1 ug/ml NP BSA for 30 minutes. Supernatants were collected and assayed for histamine release using a hista mine enzyme immunoassay. The percentage of histamine release was calculated by comparing various treatments with positive control. Flow cytometric analysis of phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT5 Human PBMCs were pre incubated with compound for 30 minutes followed by 20 minutes stimulation with IL 2 for signal transducers and activators of tran scription 5 phosphorylation or IFN�� for STAT1 phosphorylation. For IL 2 induced STAT5 phosphorylation, cells were stained with FITC anti human CD3 and Alexa Fluor 647 anti STAT5, and quanti tated pSTAT5 fluorescence intensity gated on the CD3 T cell population.

For IFN�� induced STAT1 phospho rylation, cells were stained with PE anti human CD14 and Alexa Fluor 647 anti STAT1, and quantitated pSTAT1 fluorescence intensity gated on CD14 monocytes/ macrophages. Mouse bone marrow macrophage derived osteoclastogenesis Bone marrow cells were obtained from C57BL/6 mouse tibiae and suspended in culture medium supplemented with monocyte colony stimulating factor for 16 hours. Nonadherent cells were harvested and fur ther cultured with monocyte colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand for 3 days to induce the formation of multinuclear osteoclasts. The cells were stained using a tartrate resistant acid phosphate staining kit.

TRAP multinuclear cells were counted for each well under a microscope. Toll like receptor 9 mediated B cell activation and plasmablast differentiation Human B cells were enriched using RosetteSep human B cell enrichment cocktail, followed by stimulation with ODN2006 and IFN for 3 days. The IL 6 production in the supernatant was measured by AlphaLISA kit. The live cells were quantitated by the CellTiter Glo luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit. Human B cells were differentiated with ODN2006 and IL 2 for 6 days. The differen tiated cells were stained with V450 anti CD38, FITC anti CD20, PE anti CD19 and APC intracellular IgM. The plasmablasts were identified as CD19 CD38 CD20 IgM cells. The production of IgG and IgM was quanti tated by AlphaLISA.

Toll like receptor 9 mediated plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells were isolated by negative selection from GSK-3 PBMCs with the human pDC Isolation Kit. The purity was confirmed with CD303 staining and stimulated with ODN2216 for 2 days. The production of IFN and TNF was measured by AlphaLISA. Murine collagen induced arthritis model The mCIA model has been reported previously. Briefly, DBA1/J male mice were injected intradermally with 0.