Finding reliable markers heralding schizophrenia and applying them toward prevention Despite the undisputable evidence that the degree of relatedness of an individual to another individual already affected by schizophrenia increases the risk of Selleck Linifanib manifesting the illness, most individuals diagnosed with the disease do not have an affected relative. Furthermore, the concordance among monozygotic twins is <50 %. Taken together, these points indicate a genetic contribution

to the illness, but rule out the possibility of simple mendelian inheritance and underscore the environmental contribution. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical To explain the mode of inheritance of this illness, as well as the delayed and very heterogeneous manifestation, it was hypothesized that multiple susceptibility genes interact with environmental influences. However, before such a hypothesis can be validated, major obstacles Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have to be overcome. The first obstacle is in the realm of identifying multiple susceptibility genes acting

additively or multiplicatively to affect brain function by modulating neural development and neurotransmitters and hence the corresponding brain microcircuits.13 This task is particularly daunting since each gene probably confers a small risk or protective effect (no more Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical than threefold) and, at the same time, could modulate the effects of other susceptibility genes. Hence, it is likely that more than one constellation of genes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical will act together to produce susceptibility to the same particular behavior, emotion, or pattern of thinking. Similarly, the same genetic constellation could have different behavioral manifestations depending on environmental interactions. Even after genes conferring susceptibility for psychosis have been identified, it is still essential to determine how the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical specific gene product (protein or enzyme) affects neural transmission and

brain circuits, and translate these effects into welldefined emotions, behaviors, and cognitive functioning (or phenotype). Despite these obstacles, some biological markers associated with schizophrenia have been identified, such as met/val substitution on the catecholamine O-methyl transferase gene (COMT), which accounts for a small part of the cognitive impairment among some schizophrenia patients. More important, however, is the observation that the malfunction in COMT, an enzyme affecting dopamine metabolism, can be conceptually placed on the etiological pathway before to the illness, which gives the finding a biological plausibility. Furthermore, despite the fact that markers like the COMT abnormality explain only a negligible fraction of the vulnerability for schizophrenia, such findings open the way to decompose the schizophrenic syndrome into biological subcategories with corresponding clinical manifestations. Thus, keeping the prevention paradigm in mind, it could be plausible to intervene pharmacologically in future patients and in their nonaffected first-degree relatives who carry the mutation.