Samples were stored in a circulating water bath (Lauda, Lauda-Konigshofen, Germany) for the high temperature experiments (50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C). The water bath was equipped with custom-designed racks that kept the samples submerged and allowed for water circulation between pouches. Each survival experiment was replicated three times. Samples in six-month storage experiments at 21 °C and 36 °C were taken at: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 84,112, 140, and 168 days. Samples in one-month storage experiments at 50 °C and 60 °C were taken at: 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 168, 336, 504, and 672 h. Samples in 48 h selleck kinase inhibitor experiments at 70 °C and 80 °C were taken at: 0, 0.5, 4, 10, 30, 60,

240, 480, 960, 1440 and 2880 min. Time 0 corresponds to the time after come-up-time (the time needed to raise the temperature to reach a target level). Uninoculated controls were analyzed for background microflora and aw at three sampling times throughout each experiment. Salmonella were recovered on non-selective and selective differential media. The non-selective medium consisted of Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD) (40.0 g/l), ferric ammonium citrate (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO) (0.8 g/l), yeast extract (Becton,

Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD) (3.0 g/l) and sodium thiosulfate (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ) (6.8 g/l). The selective medium contained the same ingredients

with the addition of sodium desoxycholate (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD) (2.5 g/l) as the selective agent. The proportion of LGK 974 injured cells was calculated according to Boziaris et al. (1998) and Heddleson and Doores (1994) using Eq.  (2). equation(2) ProportionInjuredCells=A−BAwhere A represents the counts (CFU/g) on non-selective differential media and B represents the counts on selective differential media (CFU/g). The following inactivation models were fit to the survival data. (1) Log-linear model   ( Bigelow and Esty, 1920) equation(3) Nt=Noexp(−kmaxB⋅t)Nt=Noexp−kmaxB⋅twhere Linifanib (ABT-869) Nt   is the population at time t   (CFU/g), No   is the population at time 0 (CFU/g), kmaxB   is the maximum specific inactivation rate (min− 1), t   is the time (min) and Dvalue=ln10kmaxB. Data was fitted to the Baranyi model using DMFit Version 2.0 (Baranyi and Le Marc, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK). GInaFiT Version 1.6 (Geeraerd et al., 2005, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium) was used to fit data to the remaining models. To determine which of the models best described the data, the f value (ftest), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the adjusted coefficient of determination (Radj2) were calculated using Excel 2007 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) according to the equations given below (Eqs. (8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) and (14)) ( den Besten et al., 2006).