Subsequently, the cells were stimulated for 24 hours with VEGF in the presence or absence of recombinant Cxcl9. To quantify cell migration and proliferation the width of the scratch was recorded and measured digitally (×100 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html magnification) before and after stimulation in order to calculate the ratio. To study angiogenesis, the process of blood vessels, in vitro, a Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix (BD Biosciences) was used. Endothelial cells (5 × 104) were plated on

Matrigel in starving medium and stimulated for 8 hours with VEGF and costimulated with Cxcl9 as mentioned. The tube formation under these conditions was quantified by measuring the number of these capillary-like structures. Results are depicted as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance was assessed by two-way analysis

of variance followed by Student t test, with Welch’s correction in case of unequal variances. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5. We first assessed the density of intrahepatic blood vessels in WT mice with or without administration of CCl4 for 6 weeks. Development of liver fibrosis after CCl4 challenge was associated with an increased number of CD31 and vWF-positive vessels and augmented hepatic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of VEGF and VEGFR2, confirming a link between angiogenesis and progression of liver fibrosis. compound screening assay 22 Treatment with CCl4 also increased hepatic protein concentrations of angiogenic (Cxcl1) and angiostatic (Cxcl9, Cxcl10) chemokines (Supporting Fig. 2). Notably, Cxcr3−/− mice displayed a further significantly higher blood vessel density within the liver compared with their WT Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase littermates after CCl4

treatment (Fig. 1A,B). Aberrant angiogenesis in Cxcr3−/− mice was also reflected by strongly increased levels of VEGF and VEGFR2 mRNA expression (Fig. 2A,B). Interestingly, the increased expression of VEGF receptors in Cxcr3−/− mice was only evident for VEGFR2, but not for VEGFR1 (data not shown). Given the importance of the VEGF pathway in angiogenesis, 14 we established a fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) detection method for assessment of VEGFR2 expression in vivo. The FMT confirmed a higher level of VEGFR2 in the livers of Cxcr3−/− mice compared with untreated mice and WT littermates after 6 weeks of CCl4 treatment (Fig. 2C). Enhanced overall neoangiogenesis in Cxcr3−/− mice was further confirmed by increased perfusion of the liver by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (Supporting Fig. 3), supporting a high vessel density and a strong proangiogenic phenotype of Cxcr3−/− mice. Overexpression Is Associated with Augmented Fibrogenesis and Increased Concentrations of Chemokines. In light of the increased VEGF/VEGFR2 expression in CCl4-treated mice, we next evaluated the direct effects of VEGF on the liver.