suis infection in pigs and the development of a chronic gastritis, as well as a 10% decrease in the daily weight gain of the animals. In addition, a tendency toward the development of more severe hyperkeratosis, erosion, and ulceration of the pars esophagea of the stomach was observed in infected animals. Cacioppo et al. [17] reported the infectivity of Helicobacter pullorum in brown

Norway rats. At 4 weeks postinfection (pi) and continuing throughout 30 weeks pi, H. pullorum was detected by PCR in 5 of 6 rats, but no significant lesions in the intestine were observed in the experimentally infected rats. In contrast, the same group [18] reported that Sprague-Dawley rats were resistant to infection with H. pullorum. The reason why the colonization of H. pullorum was different Ku-0059436 datasheet between Sprague-Dawley rats and brown Norway rats remains to be determined, and further epidemiologic studies of H. pullorum are warranted. Several reports have

addressed the prevalence and natural occurrence of enterohepatic NHPH in animals. Lofgren et al. [19] investigated the prevalence of murine enterohepatic NHPH in six animal facilities in 2009. The mean prevalence of NHPH in these six facilities was 28%; the prevalence of H. hepaticus, H. bilis, H. rodentium, H. typhlonicus, and H. mastomyrinus were 26, 16, 12, 16, and 4%, respectively. Four of the six facilities surveyed in 2009 were also surveyed 10 years before. Over this time period, there was a substantial reduction in H. rodentium infection http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html from 76 to 12%, a moderate decrease in H. hepaticus infection from 41 to 26%, and

a small increase in the H. bilis prevalence from 6 to 16% in these mouse facilities. Wasimuddin et al. [20] reported that the most frequently detected enterohepatic NHPH species in wild house mice were H. rodentium (78%), Helicobacter typhlonius (53%), H. hepaticus (41%), and H. bilis (30%). Therefore, it should MCE be considered that wild house mice can be potential reservoirs of enterohepatic NHPH infection for both humans and other vertebrates. Nam et al. reported that 103 C3H/HeNrs mice among 978 suffered from mild to severe chronic hepatitis, regardless of irradiation exposure. Helical-shaped bacteria were detected between hepatocytes by silver staining and immunohistochemistry, suggesting that the hepatitis was caused by Helicobacter spp. [21] Unidentified Helicobacter spp. (strain MIT01-6451) were also detected in all cecum, colon, and feces samples of 167 specific-pathogen-free mice in Japan [22]. Finally, Hayashimoto et al. [23] reported that the most frequently detected microbe in mouse and rat facilities was indeed Staphylococcus aureus (18.8% in 3459 mouse facilities, 58.6% in 772 rat facilities). H. hepaticus and H. bilis were detected by PCR in 3.17% and 0.17% of these same mouse facilities, harboring more than 14,000 mice.