IUBMB Life 2008, 60:643–650.PubMedCrossRef 55. Fisher SH: Glutamate synthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Bacteriol 1989, 171:2372–2377.PubMed 56. Loyola-Vargas VM, de Jimenez ES: Differential Role of Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Nitrogen Metabolism of Maize Tissues. Plant Physiol 1984, 76:536–540.PubMedCrossRef 57. Mitchison DA, Allen BW, Manickavasagar D: Selective Kirchner medium in the culture of specimens other than sputum for mycobacteria. J Clin Pathol

1983, 36:1357–1361.PubMedCrossRef 58. Stadtman ER, Smyrniotis PZ, Davis JN, Wittenberger ME: Enzymic procedures for determining the average state of adenylylation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase. Anal Biochem 1979, 95:275–285.PubMedCrossRef 59. Liu C, Mao K, Zhang M,

Sun Z, Hong W, Li C, Peng B, Chang Z: The SH3-like domain switches its interaction partners click here to modulate the repression activity of mycobacterial iron-dependent transcription regulator in response to metal ion fluctuations. J Biol Chem 2008, 283:2439–2453.PubMedCrossRef 60. Hu Y, Coates AR: Transcription of two sigma 70 homologue genes, sigA and sigB, in stationary-phase Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1999, 181:469–476.PubMed Authors’ contributions CJH conceived of the study, performed the enzyme Savolitinib solubility dmso assays, transcriptional studies and drafted the manuscript. DH was involved in the study design and participated in glutamine synthetase assays. MK did all statistical analyses on acquired data. IW participated in the design of the study, contributed to the Celecoxib analysis of the data and revision of the manuscript. PvH was involved in the interpretation of the data and AMN-107 supplier critical revision

of the manuscript. All authors have read the manuscript and approved the final product.”
“Background In traditional dogma, bacteria have one chromosome and a number of smaller DNA entities, like plasmids, which are propagated across generations unlinked to the chromosome. However, when bacteria have two chromosomes, are they permanently paired or do these physical entities recombine frequently relative to genes on these chromosomes? Since 1998, it has been known that some gamma proteobacteria have two chromosomes [1–3]. This followed discoveries that various other proteobacteria, namely alpha proteobacteria [4, 5] and beta proteobacteria [6], could have multiple chromosomes as well. An initial debate occurred over whether the second Vibrio chromosome was really a ‘chromosome’ or whether it was merely a ‘megaplasmid’ [3, 7]. The arguments for considering the second replicon a chromosome centered on its considerable size, essential gene content [8] and consistent stoichiometry. We can now add to that a unique replication machinery [9, 10] that operates independently but in a coordinated fashion [11] with synchronous termination and thus consistent stoichiometry [12, 13]. It is now accepted that most, perhaps all, Vibrionaceae (including the genera Vibrio and Photobacteria) have two chromosomes [14].