The most commonly traded genera were leiothrix babblers Leiothrix (ca. 170,000 individuals) and hill mynas Gracula religiosa (69,000 individuals). Main exporters were China, Vietnam and Malaysia with the EU, Japan and Malaysia as the main importers (Table 1). Partially in response to the outbreak of avian influenza the EU in 2005 severely restricted imports of birds, and with imports into Malaysia being partially for re-exports, the export of birds from Southeast Asia has come to an almost complete halt. There has been a discussion on whether blanket bans on bird trade are appropriate and effective (see e.g. Cooney and Jepson 2006;

Gilardi 2006; Roe 2006) but at least locally levels of trade in selleck products wild-caught birds have declined (Shepherd 2006). Coral A total of TSA HDAC 17.83 million pieces of coral and 2.36 million kg of live coral were traded in the period 1998–2007 (Fig. 1g, h); representing at least 90 species that are wild-caught. Over this period the vast majority has been derived from the wild, but from 2003 onwards exports of coral from mariculture has seen a progressive increase. Only Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam report export of corals from mariculture; Indonesia exports mariculture coral as ranch-raised whereas Viet Nam and Malaysia

exports it as captive-bred. GNS-1480 research buy Imports of corals are difficult to monitor accurately, and indeed. Blundell and Mascia (2005) found that the CITES

trade database showed an almost 400% higher level of trade in corals than USA customs, and Wells and Barzdo (1991) have argued that CITES probably has GBA3 a limited role to play for wide-ranging marine species such as many species of coral. As noted by Bruckner (2001) tracking trade using the CITES Trade Database provides limited information, because coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight, the CITES mechanism, however, may promote the development of strategies to protect corals. While certain Southeast Asian countries have developed management plans for the sustainable harvest of corals, this mainly targets CITES-listed species, and hitherto its effectiveness has not been assessed. Conclusions and recommendations Wildlife in Southeast Asia is under attack from numerous angles: habitat loss and degradation, global climate change, commercial hunting, competition with introduced species (McNeely et al. 2009; Sodhi et al. 2004; Bickford et al. this issue; Wilcove and Koh this issue), etc. and these all act in concert potentially leading to the extinction of populations, species, and ecosystems. For most species, wildlife trade should be seen as just one of the actors in this complex interaction. Trade in CITES-listed species of wildlife from Southeast Asia involved millions of animals annually, with the overwhelming majority of animals being derived from the wild.