Two major theories of cerebral lateralization of emotional perception have been proposed: (i) the Right-Hemisphere Hypothesis (RHH) and (ii) the Valence-Specific Hypothesis (VSH). To test these lateralization models we conducted a large voxel-based meta-analysis of current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies employing emotional faces paradigms in healthy volunteers. Two independent researchers conducted separate comprehensive PUBMED (1990-May 2008) searches to find all functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using a variant of the emotional faces paradigm in healthy
subjects. Out of the 551 originally identified RepSox in vitro studies, 105 studies met inclusion criteria. The overall database consisted of 1785 brain coordinates which yield an overall sample of 1600 healthy subjects. We found no support for the hypothesis of overall right-lateralization of emotional processing. Conversely, across all emotional conditions the parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, precuneus, inferior and middle occipital gyrus, posterior cingulated, middle temporal gyrus, inferior frontal and superior frontal gyri were activated bilaterally (p = .001). There was a valence-specific lateralization of brain response during negative emotions processing in the left amygdala (p = 0.001). Significant interactions between the approach and avoidance
dimensions and prefrontal response were observed (p = 0.001). (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in African sharptooth catfish selleck chemical (Clarias gariepinus) was assessed in order to develop XAV-939 mw a method for monitoring estrogenic pollution in African freshwater systems. Clarias gariepinus Vtg (Cg-Vtg) was purified from serum obtained from 17-ethynylestradiol (EE2)-exposed fish and polyclonal antibodies against Cg-Vtg were raised. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) was developed and the induction and kinetics of Vtg were assessed in male fish in three different exposure trials using both natural estrogen (17-estradiol [E2]) and synthetic EE2. Concentrations of EE2 in water and levels of EE2 conjugates in bile were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, co-administration of E2 and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were studied. Vtg was induced in all exposure trials and the maximum induction was observed 1 wk after exposure. Exposure of male C. gariepinus to 1.4, 2.7, and 13.9 g/ml EE2 induced Vtg synthesis at all concentrations. BaP did not influence the Vtg kinetics. However, an increased rate of biliary excretion of EE2 was observed when BaP was additionally administered. In conclusion, Vtg is induced in male C. gariepinus after exposure to both E2 and EE2, rendering it a suitable biomarker for endocrine-disrupting chemicals in African freshwater systems.