In this study, we monitored virus-specific T-cell responses following the dermal infection of C57BL/6 mice with ECTV or VACV. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we measured levels of degranulation, cytokine expression (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]), and the cytolytic mediator granzyme B. We observed

that the functional capacities of T cells induced by VACV and ECTV were of a similar quality in spite of the markedly different replication abilities and pathogenic outcomes of these viruses. In general, a significant fraction (>= 50%) of all T-cell responses were positive for at least learn more three functions both during acute infection and into the memory phase. In vivo killing assays revealed that

CD8(+) T cells specific for both viruses were equally cytolytic (similar to 80% target cell lysis after 4 h), consistent with the similar levels of granzyme B and degranulation detected selleck screening library among these cells. Collectively, these data provide a mechanism to explain the ability of VACV to induce protective T-cell responses against pathogenic poxviruses in their natural hosts and provide further support for the use of VACV as a vaccine platform able to induce polyfunctional T cells.”
“Previous studies investigating affective reactions to pictures that elicit a specific effect have mainly focused on the dimensions valence and arousal. Using an event-related picture-viewing paradigm in electroencephalography, we investigated whether erotica – that is appetitive, evolutionarily relevant stimuli – have effects on early stages of attentional processing that are distinct from those of other positive and arousing stimuli. Seventeen male students viewed arousing photos of erotic, nude women or pictures of extreme sport scenes, as well as control LDC000067 ic50 pictures of attractive, dressed women or daily activities. Erotic pictures differed

from extreme sport pictures not only in late but also in early attentional processes, as indicated by event-related potentials appearing from 130ms after stimulus onset (P1). The findings suggest (a) that the dimension of appetence should be considered in addition to valence and arousal when investigating psychophysiological reactions to affective-motivational stimuli and (b) that early attentional processing as mirrored by the P1 can be influenced by motivational systems. NeuroReport 24:246-250 (C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Background. Despite the substantial heritability of the psychoses and their genuine public health burden, the applicability of the genomic approach in psychiatry has been strongly questioned or prematurely dismissed.

Method.