001), 58% lower in torsion (p < 0.001), and 29% lower in bending (p < 0.001). Compared with the locked plating constructs, the strength of far cortical locking constructs was 7% lower (p = 0.005) and 16% lower (p < 0.001) under axial compression in the non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic diaphysis, respectively. However, far cortical locking constructs were 54% stronger (p < 0.001) and 9% stronger (p = 0.04) under torsion and 21% stronger (p < 0.001) and 20% stronger (p = 0.02) under bending than locked plating constructs

in the non-osteoporotic and osteoporotic diaphysis, respectively. Within the initial stiffness GSK1120212 cell line range, far cortical locking constructs generated nearly parallel interfragmentary motion. Locked plating constructs generated significantly less motion at the near cortex adjacent to the plate than at the far cortex (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: Far cortical locking significantly reduces the axial stiffness of a locked PF-04929113 plating construct. This gain in flexibility causes only

a modest reduction in axial strength and increased torsional and bending strength.

Clinical Relevance: Far cortical locking may provide a novel bridge plating strategy to enhance interfragmentary motion for the promotion of secondary bone healing while retaining sufficient construct strength.”
“There have been several studies regarding the relationship between click here deglutition and the cervical spine; however, the movement of the cervical spine during deglutition has not been specifically studied. The purpose of the present study was to clarify how the cervical spine moves during normal deglutition.

We conducted videofluorography in 39 healthy individuals (23 men; 16 women; mean age, 34.3 years) with no evidence of cervical spine disease and analyzed images of the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing using an image analysis technique. Analyzed sections included the occiput (C0) and the first to seventh cervical vertebrae (C1-C7). The degrees of change in angle and position were quantified in the oral and pharyngeal phases.

In the pharyngeal phase, C1,

C2, and C3 were flexed (the angle change in C2 was the most significant with a mean flexion angle of 1.42A degrees), while C5 and C6 were extended (the angle change in C5 was the most significant with a mean extension angle of 0.74A degrees) in reference to the oral phase. Angle changes in C0, C4, and C7 were not statistically significant. C3, C4, C5, and C6 moved posteriorly (the movement in C4 was the most significant, mean = 1.04 mm). C1, C2, and C3 moved superiorly (the movement in C2 was the largest, mean = 0.55 mm), and C5 and C6 moved inferiorly. Movements in C0 and C7 were not statistically significant.

These findings suggest that the cervical spine moves to reduce physiological lordosis during deglutition.