001) and between G2 and G3 (P = 0.007). No significant difference was found between G1 and G2 (P = 0.06). All methods reduced biofilm. Effectiveness was similar between manual brushing and with the electric toothbrush on, whereas both these methods achieved better results

in comparison with the electric toothbrush switched off. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 21: 401–406 Background.  Early in life, vaginally delivered infants exhibit a different composition of the gut flora compared with infants delivered by caesarean section (C-section); however, it is unclear whether this also applies to the oral cavity. Aim.  To investigate and compare the oral microbial profile between infants delivered vaginally and by C-section. Design.  This is a cross-sectional case–control AZD8055 order study. Eighty-four infants delivered either vaginally (n = 42) or by C-section (n = 42) were randomly selected from the 2009 birth cohort at the County Hospital in Halmstad, Sweden. Medically compromised and premature children (<32 weeks) were

excluded. The mean age was 8.25 months (range 6–10 months), and parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on socioeconomic factors, lifestyle, and hygiene habits. Saliva was collected and analysed using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization. Results.  A higher prevalence of salivary Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus curvata, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacuillus casei was detected in infants delivered vaginally (P < 0.05). The caries-associated bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were Navitoclax price detected in 63% and 59% of all children, respectively. Conclusion.  A significantly higher prevalence of certain strains of health-related streptococci and lactobacilli was found Atazanavir in vaginally delivered infants compared with infants delivered by C-section. The possible long-term effects on oral health need to be further investigated. “
“To determine the impact of oral mucosal conditions on OHRQoL in preschool children. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a selected representative sample of 724 children aged 2–5 years and their parents/caregivers. Data were collected

through interviews with parents/caregivers, who also answered the B-ECOHIS. A clinical oral examination was performed to determine oral mucosal conditions, dental caries, dental trauma, and malocclusion. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, the Mann–Whitney U-test and hierarchically adjusted Poisson regression models (P < 0.05, 95% CI). The prevalence of oral mucosal conditions was 50.7%, the most prevalent of which were melanotic macules (17.8%), oral ulcers (11.0%), Fordyce’s spots (9.4%), geographic tongue (5.2%), fissured tongue (1.9%), median rhomboid glossitis (1.8%), and fistula (1.4%). In the final multivariate model, child with 5 years of age (RR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.08–2.38; P = 0.020), with presence of fistula (RR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.