1 This study then showed that the met allele altered the intracellular trafficking and release of BDNF. In cultured rodent hippocampal neurons, the val form of the preprotein was packaged into secretory vesicles and released from dendrites. In contrast, the met allele was not well packaged into vesicles, but instead formed clumps around the nucleus. Stimulated release in met-containing neurons was markedly reduced. These experiments suggested

that the met allele exerts its deleterious effects on episodic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memory, because it is not released properly in the hippocampus during formation of episodic memories. The effects of the val66met polymorphism on episodic memory scores were weak and by themselves initially not convincing. However, results from additional imaging studies offered a remarkable degree of convergent evidence. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical First, magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assay N-acetylaspartate (NAA), an intraneuronal metabolite closely correlated with tissue glutamate levels. Reduced NAA levels

have been reported in many neuropsychiatrie disorders, including schizophrenia. NAA is an indirect measure of synaptic abundance and/or glutamate neurotransmission. In a cohort of 300 subjects, those with a met allele had reduced NAA Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical compared with val/val subjects, consistent with the memory findings.1 This suggests that deficient impulse-dependent BDNF secretion might produce a long-lasting reduction in dendritic or neuronal density. Second, fMRI was used to assay

hippocampal BOLD (blood oxygenation level-dependent) signals during an episodic memory task. Fourteen val/val subjects were compared with 14 subjects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with a met allele (val/met and met/met groups were combined because the latter are rare).2 Consistent with the cognitive and NAA findings, the met allele group showed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical reduced hippocampal activation during encoding and retrieval (Figure 1). Greater hippocampal activation had previously been shown to correlate with better memory. Thus, the val allele’s ability to be secreted by dendrites appeared to produce downstream effects on hippocampal blood flow during encoding of memories and this was detectable in sample of only 28 subjects. Figure 1 Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met oxyclozanide on hippocampal activation during an encoding task. Statistical maps showing where val/val subjects have greater activation compared with subjects with 1 or 2 met alleles during an Bortezomib solubility dmso incidental … Similar effects were seen in two other imaging studies. A second fMRI study used a working memory task where hippocampal deactivation is typically correlated with superior performance. In two separate cohorts of 13 and 17 subjects, respectively, subjects with a met allele demonstrated the deleterious pattern of failure to deactivate hippocampus.