2 and MI but no association with CAD This was replicated in an i

2 and MI but no association with CAD. This was replicated in an independent population. Epidemiologists have claimed for decades that blood group O offers protection from MI. Blood groups A, B, and O are different forms of the same gene at 9q34.2. The A and B genes encode for a protein (alpha 1, 3N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) that transfers a carbohydrate moiety onto von Wille-brand Factor (vWF). This prolongs the life of vWF and predisposes to coronary thrombosis and MI. The blood group O gene codes for a protein that has been mutated and lacks any biochemical

activity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and thus does not transfer the carbohydrate moiety onto vWF. As a result, individuals with blood group O show no increased risk for MI. The frequency of the gene that encodes for A or B blood group occurs in about 57% of Caucasians. The average relative increased risk for MI is about 20% depending on the genotype. In the selleck chem inhibitor recent Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study of more Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical than 90,000 individuals,

4,070 developed heart disease. In this 20-year follow-up study, having blood group A or B alone was associated with an increased risk of MI of about 10%; however, the combination of A and B blood groups increased the risk to 20%.31 It also has been shown that plasma levels of vWF complex are approximately 25% higher in individuals with A, B, or AB blood groups as opposed to blood Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical group O.32 These results Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical have important implications for people undergoing angioplasty, bypass surgery, and other such procedures. For example, should individuals of blood group A or B receive some form of antiplatelet therapy such as aspirin? 9p21

Predisposes to Coronary Atherosclerosis and not Myocardial Infarction The 9p21 risk variant for CAD is perhaps the most robust genetic variant and the most studied of those risk selleck kinase inhibitor variants with unknown function. This risk variant is contained in a long non-protein coding RNA (LncRNA) of 126,000 bps referred to as Anril, which remains of unknown function. The 9p21 risk variant was not introduced into the genome until Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the arrival of higher primates and is AV-951 highly conserved in the human genome. The 9p21 risk allele occurs in 75% of humans except for Africans (50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous). Each risk variant is associated with an increased relative risk for CAD of about 25%. The risk of 9p21 is consistently observed by investigators throughout the world to be independent of conventional risk factors such as cholesterol, diabetes, or hypertension. In individuals with premature CAD, 9p21 homozygosity is associated with a 2-fold increased risk for CAD. The 9p21 risk variant also contributes to increased risk for intracranial and abdominal aortic aneurysms33 and Alzheimer’s disease34 and has recently been associated with periodontitis35 and gout,36 diseases with a marked inflammatory component.

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