2% of patients; these samples were obtained from 57.4% of patients with community-acquired IAIs and from 80.3% of patients with nosocomial IAIs. In many clinical PCI-34051 laboratories, species identification and susceptibility testing of anaerobic isolates GSK2118436 are not routinely performed [13]. Of the total patients tested for aerobic microorganisms, 42.9% underwent tests for anaerobes. The major pathogens involved in community-acquired intra-abdominal infections are Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus species, and certain

anaerobes (particularly B. fragilis). Compared to community-acquired infections, nosocomial infections typically involved a broader spectrum of microorganisms, encompassing ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, and Candida species in addition to the Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus species, and anaerobes AZ 628 concentration observed in community-acquired IAIs. Antimicrobial

resistance has become a major challenge complicating the treatment and management of intra-abdominal infections. The main resistance threat is posed by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, which are becoming increasingly common in community-acquired infections. Many factors can increase the prevalence of ESBL activity in community-acquired intra-abdominal infections, including excessive use of antibiotics, residence in a long-term care facility, and recent hospitalization. Further, male patients and patients over the age of 65 appear to be particularly susceptible to ESBL-producing bacterial infections [14]. According to CIAO Study data, ESBL producers were the most commonly identified drug-resistant microorganism involved in IAIs. Recent years have seen an escalating trend of Klebsiella Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) production, which continues to cause serious multidrug-resistant infections around the world. The recent emergence of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a major threat to hospitalized patients. In addition to hydrolyzing Carbapenems, KPC-producing strains are also resistant to a variety of other antibiotics, and consequently, these infections

pose a considerable challenge for clinicians in acute care situations. KPC-producing bacteria are most common in nosocomial infections, particularly in patients with previous exposure to antibiotics [15]. 5 identified isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae proved resistant to Carbapenems, and each was acquired in an intensive care setting. The rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa among aerobic isolates was 5.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in Pseudomonas prevalence between community-acquired and nosocomial IAIs. Enterococci (E. faecalis and E. faecium) were identified in 15.7% of all aerobic isolates. Although Enterococci were also identified in community-acquired infections, they were far more prevalent in nosocomial infections. In the CIAO Study, 138 Candida isolates were observed among 1,890 total isolates (7.3%).