, 2002b; Azuma et al , 2004b) A recent study (Ohnishi et al , 20

, 2002b; Azuma et al., 2004b). A recent study (Ohnishi et al., 2008) on generating CagA in transgenic mice has provided the first direct evidence of the role of CagA as a bacterium-derived oncoprotein that acts in mammals and further indicates the importance of tyrosine phosphorylation, which enables CagA to deregulate SHP-2, in the development of H. pylori-associated

neoplasms. Based on the characteristics of the phosphorylation and binding to SHP-2, the H. pylori www.selleckchem.com/products/R788(Fostamatinib-disodium).html CagA protein could be divided into a Western type and an East Asian type (Higashi et al., 2002a; Azuma et al., 2004b). The East Asian CagA protein exhibits stronger SHP-2-binding activity and so is more pathogenic than the Western CagA protein in H. pylori-infected patients (Higashi et al., 2002a). Persistent active inflammation, atrophic gastritis, and a higher risk of gastric cancer were more closely related to the East Asian type of CagA than the Western type, based on clinical data from East Asia, Metformin Japan, and South Korea(Azuma et al., 2004a, b; Satomi et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2009). The characteristics of H. pylori strains, especially the cagA gene and the CagA protein, can assist in determining which H. pylori-infected patients are at a high risk of developing gastric cancer. The Philippines is a developing country located in South East Asia. The incidence of gastric cancer in the Philippines is quite

low, with rates of 7.9/100 000 and 5.4/100 000 for males and females (Curado et al., 2007), respectively, although the prevalence of H. pylori infection has been reported to be as high as 60% (Destura et al., 2004). The present study reports the diverse characteristics of the cagA gene and classification of the CagA protein in H. pylori-infected patients from the Philippines, Florfenicol based on the full genomic cagA sequences in comparison with previously reported H. pylori

strains worldwide. One hundred and eighty nine patients with abdominal symptoms who underwent nonemergent gastroduodenal endoscopy at the St. Luke’s Medical Center, Philippines, from 2005 to 2009, were included in the study. All patients were unrelated and Filipino in origin. Patients who had received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were excluded from the study, and none of the patients had recently been prescribed antibiotics. Four biopsy specimens were obtained from each patient: two from the gastric antrum and two from the gastric body. One specimen each from the antrum and body was fixed in buffered formalin and was used in histological analysis. One specimen each from the antrum and body was used for culture of H. pylori. Only specimens that were positive for H. pylori culture were included. This study was approved by the hospital ethics committee and a signed informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment. Biopsy specimens were fixed and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Giemsa.

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