, 2006 and Reiß et al., 2009). In short, major sedimentary deposits produced episodically by logging, mining, domestic grazing, or agriculture in the Old or the New World can be referred to as LS. From a stratigraphic perspective, LS may be described by two types of materials: lithostratigraphic units (LSU) or chronostratigraphic

units (CSU). A LSU is identified on the basis of distinctive lithic [or pedogenic] characteristics and conforms with the Law of Superposition; that is, it lies above older sediment and may be buried by younger sediment (NACSN, 2005). These are the units that are mapped in the field based on their physical properties (Murphy and Salvador, 1994). A CSU serves as the reference material for other sediment deposited during the same period of time. It should consist of materials of only a certain time period. Applying either classification to LS has

Selleckchem Screening Library strengths and weaknesses; problems not unique to LS. As a lithostratigraphic unit, LS generally conforms with Steno’s Law of Superpositioning, but it may not have common lithologic or pedogenic characteristics between different catchments or regions that distinguish it from other sediment in that catchment. Yet, LS can often be identified on the basis of soil stratigraphy, sedimentary textures or structures, geochemistry, FDA-approved Drug Library mouse or fossils, and these features may be used to identify sources (fingerprinting) or to infer processes and environments of formation. As a chronostratigraphic

unit, LS may be time transgressive and vary in age across the landscape as changes in land use often varied through time. Yet, LS often represents a distinct period of human land use and settlement that can be identified by relative dating or cultural artifacts and traced across a landscape. This can make LS an important tool for documenting Anthropocene history. Given the ubiquity of anthropogenically accelerated sediment production during the late historic period, it could be argued that all historic sediment has a component of anthropogenic inputs and should be defined as LS. Instead, LS should be reserved Megestrol Acetate for deposits that represent substantially accelerated rates of sedimentation due to a component of anthropogenic disturbance. Thus, LS should not be used synonymously with ‘historical’ sediment sensu stricto, because LS carries the connotation of episodically produced anthropogenic sedimentation. This does not preclude sedimentation events generated, in part, by climatic change or tectonics as long as substantial production was generated by human activity. During periods of intensive land use; e.g., clearance and plowing for agriculture, grazing, timbering, mining, etc., an episode of high sediment production may result in channel aggradation downstream.