2008; Li et al. 2009; Grossman et al. 2010). Photoacclimation and the regulation of photosynthesis The regulation of photosynthetic processes as a consequence of adaptation and acclimation is an area of research that several laboratories have approached, for which Selleck CRT0066101 there are still large gaps in our knowledge remaining to be filled. Environmental signals impact chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthetic function, provoking marked changes in photosynthetic electron transport (PET) (Eberhard

et al. 2008; Li et al. 2009). High light acclimation, for example, helps balance the harvesting of light energy by the two photosystems, and coordinates PET with the activity of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham Z-DEVD-FMK price Cycle; this type of modulation minimizes photodamage. Low light, in contrast, can elicit an increase in the cross section of the PSII antenna, which makes the capture of excitation energy more efficient. Furthermore, certain organisms respond dramatically to changes in the quality of the light that they are absorbing. For example, some cyanobacteria display a regulatory phenomenon

called complementary chromatic adaptation. In this process, the polypeptide and pigment composition of the phycobilisome (the major light-harvesting complex in many cyanobacteria) can physically and functionally be tuned to light quality. When cyanobacteria experience light enriched in red wavelengths, the cells appear bluish because of elevated levels of phycocyanin, a blue-pigmented biliprotein associated with the phycobilisome. In contrast, when cells experience light enriched in green wavelengths, they appear red because of elevated levels of phycoerythrin, a red-pigmented biliprotein associated with the phycobilisome (Grossman

et al. 2003; Kehoe and Gutu 2006). In addition, light triggers complex changes in thylakoid composition and cellular structure that may involve post-translational Oxymatrine modifications as well as the synthesis of new polypeptide and pigment components (Bordowitz and Montgomery 2008; Eberhard et al. 2008; Whitaker et al. 2009). Despite considerable phenomenological and biochemical knowledge, little is known of underlying mechanisms that control photoacclimation (Eberhard et al. 2008). Although some mTOR cancer evidence indicates that the cellular redox state may be a key regulatory signal (Huner et al. 1998), it is still not clear whether/how photoreceptors are integrated into the control networks. With respect to redox control (Eberhard et al. 2008; Pfannschmidt et al. 2009), increases in irradiance often act via an elevated redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool, providing a signal that can develop very rapidly and elicit a multitude of downstream acclimation responses.