, 2009). To examine the importance of this motif we coexpressed EGFP-HCN1 with TRIP8b(1a)LL/AA-HA, whose dileucine residues were substituted with alanine (L18A/L19A, see Santoro et al., 2009). Unlike the wild-type protein, TRIP8b(1a)LL/AA-HA failed to prevent the mislocalization of EGFP-HCN1 in axons in both contralateral ( Figure 9G) and ipsilateral hippocampus ( Figure 8C), even though the mutant protein was expressed at high levels. These results strongly support the view that TRIP8b(1a) exerts a highly specific action to prevent HCN1 mislocalization in axons through a direct interaction with the channel and the

likely recruitment of adaptor protein complexes. Our results demonstrate that TRIP8b splice isoforms are necessary for the proper trafficking of HCN1 channels to the surface membrane

of CA1 pyramidal neurons and for the Selleck FDA-approved Drug Library proper targeting of the channels to the distal dendritic compartment. Furthermore, of the more than ten TRIP8b isoforms present in brain, TRIP8b(1a) and TRIP8b(1a-4) appear to be most important for proper HCN1 localization in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. In particular, we suggest that TRIP8b(1a) largely prevents Veliparib clinical trial HCN1 misexpression in axons whereas TRIP8b(1a-4) enhances channel surface expression and ensures proper dendritic targeting. Lewis et al. (2009) previously reported that the reduction of all TRIP8b isoforms with siRNA suppresses HCN1 membrane expression and Ih in hippocampal neurons in dissociated cell culture. In addition to confirming these in vitro results, we found that downregulation of TRIP8b in vivo inhibited HCN1 membrane expression and Ih in CA1 neurons. In particular, we observed a marked decrease in HCN1 expression in CA1 distal dendrites. Our results with in vivo siRNA knockdown thus provide clear evidence that TRIP8b is necessary for the proper expression and localization of HCN1 in CA1 neuronal compartments. This conclusion is supported by our finding that an HCN1 truncation mutant lacking its C-terminal TRIP8b

interaction peptide, HCN1ΔSNL, which has a decreased affinity for TRIP8b, failed to localize to the CA1 distal dendrites. As the mutant channel was strongly expressed in the surface membrane throughout the somatodendritic compartment in a fairly uniform Resveratrol manner, we further conclude that HCN1 surface expression and dendritic targeting are dissociable functions of TRIP8b that are differentially sensitive to alterations in its biochemical interactions with HCN1 (see below). The task of defining the importance of individual TRIP8b splice forms in the surface expression and targeting of HCN1 to its proper neuronal compartments was greatly simplified by the availability of a mouse line, Pex5ltm1(KOMP)Vlcg, in which TRIP8b exons 1b and 2 were selectively deleted by homologous recombination.