35 < Mie �� �� 1.8 incident shock wave.Sun and Takayama [17] showed that the lambda shock found underneath the shear layer appears after a critical incident shock Mach number of Mi = 1.346. The pressure rise generated by the incident shock and the pressure decrease found at the centre of the shed spiral vortex make this flow an excellent test case for high-speed PSP measurements. Two different Mach numbers will be tested and compared with numerical simulations, namely experimental Mach numbers of Mi = 1.28 and Mi = 1.55. The expected flow schematic for these two Mach numbers is given in Figure 2.In Figure 2, I is the incident shock, Ds is the diffracted shock, Rs is the reflected expansion wave, Cs is the contact surface, Ss is the shear layer, Mv is the main vortex and ET is a train of expansion waves and shocks.
The bracket numbers represent regions of flow with different properties as they have been affected by different waves. Region (1) is the quiescent region ahead of the incident shock; (2) is a region of uniform flow behind the incident shock wave; (3) is the region affected by the reflected expansion wave and region (3��) has been affected by diffracted (curved) portion of the incident shock and as such has a lower pressure.2.3. PSPThe basic theory of intensity-based pressure-sensitive paint has already been covered in depth by many authors; as such, a full recollection is not warranted here. For information on the theoretical background of pressure-sensitive paint, the reader is directed to the excellent book by Liu and Sullivan [18].
PSP is based on the mechanism of oxygen quenching, which involves the non-radiative deactivation of an excited photo-active molecule (luminophore). A luminophore is excited to an electronic state higher than its ground state by absorbing light of a specific wavelength. This excited luminophore can return Batimastat to its ground state by either a radiative or non-radiative process. Radiative processes, which involve the emission of light, include fluorescence and phosphorescence and are usually grouped together under the term luminescence. The wavelength difference between the absorbed and emitted light is known as the Stokes shift [19]. It is a preferable characteristic that PSP luminophores have a large Stokes shift to allow the excitation and emission signals to be separated easily.
Non-radiative processes include internal conversion to a different electronic state and then the release of heat, or external conversion via contact with an external molecule, in this case oxygen. Oxygen is an extremely good quenching molecule, as it has an unusual electronic ground state that is easily excited [20].The method of application of pressure-sensitive paint, specifically the substrate to which it is applied, is critical as the response times can vary by 6 orders of magnitude. For example, the polymer formulation used by Carroll et al.