4a, dark pink). The Fh gene is not present in the fun(Z) region of xnp1 but is present in the xbp1 fun(Z) region. Similarly, the

C-terminal end of XbpH1 (residues 731–872) is 58% identical to the C-terminal region of Fe (Fig. 4a, orange box). The truncated Fe gene is not present in the fun(Z) region of xbp1 but is present in xnp1 fun(Z) region. Thus, main fiber proteins of X. nematophila and X. bovienii represent a mosaic pattern with a highly conserved N-terminal region and more variable middle and C-terminal regions. This modular organization is seen in genes encoding fibers of R-type AP24534 solubility dmso bacteriocins in Erwinia carotovora and suggests that multiple recombination and gene duplication events occurred to create divergent fiber genes in the respective genomes (Veesler & Cambillau, 2011). Similar to xnp1 and xbp1, genes encoding C-terminal fiber proteins are also present in P2 phage tail synthesis Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor loci Photorhabdus spp. The P2 phage locus (pts-Pl) of P. luminescens TT01 contains two distinct loci encoding C-terminal tail fiber fragments (Fig. 2; Gaudriault et al., 2004). Four inverted repeat sequences flank the two fiber loci, which were shown to undergo DNA inversion. Photorhabdus contains a hin invertase that may promote inversion resulting in tail fiber variation (Gaudriault

et al., 2004) while xnp1 and xbp1 lack hin genes. A similar remnant P2 prophage, pts1-Pa, containing two fiber loci and a hin gene, also exists in P. asymbiotica (Fig. 2). There are numerous differences between xnp1, xbp1, and the pts loci. While xenorhabdicin is induced by mitomycin C in X. nematophila and X. bovienii, photorhabdicin is not induced in P. luminescens that lack the dinI gene (Thaler et al., 1995; Gaudriault et al., 2004; Morales-Soto & Forst, 2011). xnp1 and xbp1 are located at 1.05 and 1.33 Mb, respectively, while the Photorhabdus loci are located near the origin of replication. The upstream and downstream genes flanking the xnp1 and xbp1 loci are highly similar. On one side are five conserved genes that include exsA and fabG while on the other side are 13 genes that include eco and genes predicted

to encode proteins involved in pyoverdine biosynthesis and propionate catabolism. The genomic environments of the pts loci check details are also perfectly syntenic, but different from the Xenorhabdus strains. Additionally, structural genes such as XnpT1 and XbpT1 tube proteins share a high level of identity (98%), while the level of identity with the Photorhabdus tube proteins is lower (83%). These findings suggest different evolutionary histories in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus strains for the acquisition of this phage cluster but a possible ancestral acquisition within each genus. Here, we show that X. bovienii strains isolated from different steinernematid nematodes produce inducible xenorhabdicin albeit at different levels. Thus, the role that xenorhabdicin plays in interspecies competition (Sicard et al.