4B), suggesting that the expression level of full-length HBx may be important in relation to antiproliferative

function in HCC cells. Further investigation is needed. Recent focus has been placed on the importance of HBV integration in HCC tumor samples. It has been found that the breakpoint within the HBV genome is usually at the C-terminus of HBx at approximately 1,800 base pairs.28 The result is consistent with our current PCR-based study of COOH-truncated HBx in human HCC; however, the integrated sites of HBV DNA into the host genome in our HCC tumors varied (Supporting Fig. 1C), suggesting that the PF-02341066 solubility dmso integration sites may not be directly associated with effects on cell invasiveness in human HCC. Although full-length HBx is less potent in enhancing the cell invasion of HCC cells,

54% of our human HCCs had full-length HBx. In various previous studies, it has been shown that full-length HBx could induce tumor formation in transgenic mice or increase susceptibility to carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis,29-31 suggesting that full-length HBx may play an important role in tumor initiation. To conclude, our AZD3965 cell line data suggest that COOH truncation of HBx enhances the cell invasiveness of HCC cells in vitro and is associated with venous invasion in HCC patients. Our data also suggest that COOH-truncated HBx, particularly with the breakpoint at 130 aa, induces MMP10 transcription by C-Jun/AP-1 activation. Taken together, COOH truncation of HBx in human HCC may play a significant role in enhancing cell invasiveness and cancer metastasis. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (AILI) Carbohydrate is a major health problem. Accumulating

evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates neuronal and hematopoietic progenitors. SNS signaling affects hepatic progenitor/oval cells (HPCs) and β-adrenoceptor agonism will expand HPCs to reduce AILI. Dopamine β-hydroxylase-deficient mice (Dbh−/−), lacking catecholamine SNS neurotransmitters, isolated HPCs, and immature ductular 603B cells were initially used to investigate SNS involvement in HPC physiology. Subsequently, control mice were treated with APAP (350 mg/kg) followed by the β-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), or the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol. Mechanistic studies examined effects of non-SNS HPC expansion on AILI, involvement of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (CWP) in the action of ISO on HPC expansion and comparison of ISO with the current standard of care, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Dbh−/− mice lacking catecholamines had low HPC numbers, reconstituted by ISO. In vitro, ISO-induced proliferation of 603B cells was CWP dependent. In control mice, AILI raised HPC numbers, further increased by ISO, with attenuation of liver injury.