8 In
some studies, the pH remained constant or fell because bicarbonate infusion augmented the production of lactic acid.18 Mechanisms to explain this have included a shift in the oxyhemoglobin-saturation relationship and enhanced anaerobic glycolysis, which is perhaps mediated by the pH-sensitive, rate-limiting enzyme phosphofructokinase.11 Therefore, administration of sodium bicarbonate can not only correct lactic acidosis but also cause side effects such as fluid and sodium load.20 This can result in hypervolemia, hyperosmolarity, and hypernatremia. Hypernatremia is hazardous Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical during liver transplantation, particularly in patients with low serum sodium levels who are at risk of central pontine myelinolysis due to rapid correction of hyponatremia.21 Conclusion The avoidance of large quantities of sodium chloride-containing
fluids and use of colloid fluid to maintain a stable hemodynamic status decreases hyperchloremic acidosis during anesthesia for liver transplantation and reduces the need Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for sodium bicarbonate. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is one of the endemic diseases in Iraq, and among the suggested predisposing factors are alleles of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. We sought to investigate the association between HLA-class I (A and B) and -class II (DR and DQ) alleles in a sample of PT Iraqi patients. Methods: Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical lymphocytes of 105 PT patients and 40 controls were phenotyped for HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ alleles by means of the microlymphocytotoxicity test using a panel of monoclonal antisera. Results: HLA frequencies of B18 (16.2 vs. 2.5%; OD=7.53) and DR1 (51.4 vs. 10.0%; OD=9.53) alleles were significantly increased in the patients as compared with the controls, while B5 (6.7 vs. 25.0%), DR8 (1.9 vs. 17.5%), and DQ3 (11.4 vs. 45.0%) alleles were significantly decreased. However, a significant corrected level was maintained for only DR1, DR8, and DQ3 alleles
(Pc=1.9×10-5, 0.02 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and 1.0×10-4, respectively). Conclusion: The results confirm the predisposing and protecting roles of HLA alleles in PT. Keywords: Tuberculosis, MHC-Class I, MHC-Class II, Lymphocytotoxicity Introduction Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an extremely successful pathogen that has the ability to modulate the host immune response on the level of innate and acquired types.1,2 However, new such modulation may be subjected to click here immunogenetic predisposition because it has been demonstrated that certain human infectious diseases occur more frequently among individuals carrying particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles.3 HLA-associated susceptibility to infectious disease could be due to the inability of a particular HLA protein to be associated effectively with processed antigens from the pathogen, thereby limiting the capacity of the individual to mount an effective immune response against it.