CALUX® measurements were performed at learn more BioDetection

Systems BV in Amsterdam, as described in detail elsewhere (Sonneveld et al., 2005). Estrogenic and androgenic activities were determined using human U2-OS cell lines stably transfected with a luciferase gene construct that was controlled by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα CALUX®) and androgen receptor (AR CALUX®), respectively. The microtiter plates in which the cells were plated contained calibration concentration series of 17β-estradiol (ERα CALUX®) or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (AR CALUX®). Cells were exposed to a medium containing human plasma with concentrations of 5% and 10% vol/vol, and were incubated for 24 h under standard conditions. For a subset of 50 men who were selected based

on interview information on weight, age, and dietary habits, dioxine-responsive (DR) CALUX® measurements were performed, which provide an indicator for internal total dioxins. These measurements were meant to assess whether the effects of exposure sources that would involve persistent endocrine disruptors could indeed be ascribed to a higher body burden of such chemicals. A rat hepatoma H4IIE cell line was mTOR inhibitor used, which contains a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the AhR (Murk et al., 1997).The microtiter plates contained a calibration concentration series of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Approximately 1 g of human plasma was extracted by means of shake-solvent extraction (hexane:diethylether, 97:3). The extract was cleaned through oxidation using an acid silica column topped with sodium sulphate. DR CALUX® cells were exposed to the cleaned extracts (0.8%DMSO) for 24 h. Following the 24 h of incubation, media were removed and the cells were lysed, after which a luciferin containing solution was added to measure luminescence (Lucy2; Anthos Labtec Instruments, Wals, Austria). Total estrogenic, androgenic, and dioxin-like activity in the samples was determined by interpolation from Niclosamide the fitted calibration curves. Results were expressed as pg 17β-estradiol equivalents

(EEQs) and ng DHT equivalents (AEQs) per ml of processed plasma and as pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) per g of extracted plasma lipid. Total sample lipid contents were determined gravimetrically. The limits of detection were for EEQs: 7.0 pg/ml plasma, for AEQs: 0.42 × 10− 1 ng/ml plasma, and for TEQs: 8.2 pg/g plasma lipid. Statistical analyses were performed in SPPS version 16.0. Plasma EEQs, AEQs, and TEQs were normally distributed. All exposure variables and other determinants were classified into two or three levels, of which one level was treated as the reference category (see Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5). For the occupational exposure variables, the reference category was restricted to fathers who did not report occupational exposure to any of the exposure categories (n = 34).