Compared with intronless transcripts, the spliced transcripts were less effective substrates for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6-mediated gene silencing. This intron suppression of transgene silencing requires efficient intron splicing and is dependent on ABH1, the Arabidopsis orthologue of human cap-binding protein 80.”
“Functional groups on the surface of

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers and in fiber surface sizing are likely to react during the curing process of composites, and these reactions could affect the infiltration and adhesion between selleck chemicals llc the carbon fibers and resin. T300B-3000-40B fibers and fiber surface sizing were heat-treated at different temperatures, and the structural changes of both the fiber surface sizing and extracted sizing after heat treatment were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that the concentration

of epoxy groups in both the fiber surface sizing and extracted sizing decreased with increasing heat-treatment temperature and decreased to zero after treatment Galardin order at 200 degrees C. The concentration of epoxy groups in the extracted sizing was lower than that of the fiber surface sizing after treatment under the same conditions; this indicated that the rate of reaction between the carbon fibers and fiber surface sizing was higher than the reaction rate Vorinostat mouse of the fiber surface sizing system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the content of C-O bonds and activated carbon atoms on the surface of the desized treated carbon fibers was the highest when the heat-treatment temperature was 150 degrees C; this proved the reaction between the carbon fibers and the fiber surface sizing. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“The history of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) improvement includes genetic bottlenecks, wild species introgressions, and divergence into distinct market classes. This history makes tomato an excellent model to investigate the effects of selection on genome variation. A combination of linkage mapping in two F-2 populations

and physical mapping with emerging genome sequence data was used to position 434 PCR-based markers including SNPs. Three-hundred-and-forty markers were used to genotype 102 tomato lines representing wild species, landraces, vintage cultivars, and contemporary (fresh market and processing) varieties. Principal component analysis confirmed genetic divergence between market classes of cultivated tomato (P < 0.0001). A genome-wide survey indicated that linkage disequilibrium (LD) decays over 6-8 cM when all cultivated tomatoes, including vintage and contemporary, were considered together. Within contemporary processing varieties, LD decayed over 6-14 cM, and decay was over 3-16 cM within fresh market varieties.