Cousin et al [14] reported that the level of lipids in the peritoneum increased after denervation. This suggests that the sympathetic nervous system influences the activity or differentiation

CHIR-99021 solubility dmso of white adipose cells. Parasympathetic nerves as well as sympathetic nerves showed a relation with adipose tissue. Kreier et al [15] reported that when the parasympathetic nerve was removed, the HSL activity in white adipose tissue increased. However, the absorption of FFA and blood glucose decreased. Given that the direct measurement of autonomic nervous activity by micrography is not feasible in a large epidemiological study, heart rate variability (HRV) is used as the measurement method for the autonomic nervous system [16]. HRV is measured by the variation of the beat-to-beat interval. The average R-R is calculated

by 60 divided by the average heart rate in beats/min. Chang et al [17] showed that HRV is related to several component of metabolic syndrome (MtS). When they separated 1,298 individuals into four groups based on the components ABT 888 of MtS, those who had one or more components of MtS showed a lower standard deviation of the R-R interval compared to a healthy control group. The recorded use of ginseng dates back 2,000 years. It has been one of the most popular herbal supplements in Asia, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. In the USA, ginseng ranked as one of the top-10 selling herbal supplements in 2003 [18]. The primary effective components of ginseng are known as ginsenosides, and these include compound K (CK), Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, all of which have a steroidal skeleton. In the results of this study,

CK served as the ligand of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) [19] and Rg3 functioned as the ligand of estrogen receptor (ER) [20], which implies a possible effect of ginseng on lipolysis. In fact, when CK was administered to a 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line, the storage of triglycerides was suppressed. On the other By contrast, Rg1 stimulated triglyceride storage in adipocytes [21]. Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 treatments in oxyclozanide 3T3-L1 suppressed lipid accumulation [22]. As well as the reported effects of ginseng on FFA, red ginseng has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on insulin and glucose regulation. Vuksan et al [23] reported that red ginseng consumption improved insulin and glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes patients. Lee et al [24] showed that red ginseng has a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity. We also reported that fermented red ginseng (FRG) showed a serial causal effect on the level of hormones, insulin resistance, and insulin levels. In an analysis of the effects of hormones on glucose blood levels, the difference between the FRG group and the placebo group was due to the level of aldosterone [25]. According to an experiment with mice, ginsenosides stimulated an acetylcholine release in the terminal of cholinergic neurons [26].