Daptomycin Population Susceptibility Profiles Fifty microliters of a ~108 CFU/mL suspension of each strain was plated

onto MHA CP673451 in vivo plates with calcium containing daptomycin (concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 6 mg/L) using an automatic spiral plating device (WASP; DW Scientific, West Yorkshire, UK). After 48 h of incubation at 37 °C, colony counts were determined using an automated colony counter (Synoptics Limited, Frederick, MD, USA). The lower limit of detection for colony count was 2 log10 CFU/mL. Curves were constructed by plotting colony counts (log10 CFU/mL) versus concentration. Strain SA-684, previously determined to be stable to passage, was used as a control strain [15]. In Vitro Model Epigenetics inhibitor Experiment Two pairs of DNS S. aureus strains with the same MIC values by Microscan and BMD but displaying different PAPs (left shift vs. right shift) were evaluated in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of simulated endocardial vegetations. Simulated

Endocardial Vegetations Organism stocks were prepared by creating lawns on TSA plates and incubating at 37 °C overnight. Organisms were swabbed from the growth plates into five mL test tubes of MHBII, diluted 1:10 and resulting in a concentration of approximately 1010 CFU/mL. Simulated Endocardial Vegetations (SEVs) were prepared in 1.5 mL siliconized eppendorf tubes by mixing 0.05 mL of organism suspension (final inoculum 109 CFU/0.5 g), 0.5 mL of human cryoprecipitate from volunteer donors (American Red Cross, Detroit, MI, USA), 0.025 mL of platelets. Bovine thrombin (5,000 units/mL) 0.05 mL, was added to each tube after insertion of a sterile monofilament line into the mixture. The resultant SEVs were then removed from the eppendorf tubes with a sterile 21-gauge click here needle and introduced into the model. This methodology results in

SEVs consisting of approximately 3–3.5 g/dL of albumin and 6.8–7.4 g/dL of total protein. In Vitro PK/PD Model An in vitro model, consisting of a 250 mL two compartment Proteases inhibitor glass apparatus with ports where the SEVs were suspended, was utilized for all simulations. The apparatus was prefilled with media and antibiotics were administered as boluses over a 96 h time period into the central compartment via an injection port. Antibiotic regimens evaluated included daptomycin 6 mg/kg every 24 h (peak, 98.6 mg/L; average half-life, 8 h) and daptomycin 10 mg/kg every 24 h (peak 141.1 mg/L; average half-life 8 h) [34]. The model apparatus was placed in a 37 °C water bath throughout the procedure and a magnetic stir bar was placed in the media for thorough mixing of the drug in the model. Fresh media was continuously supplied and removed from the compartment along with the drug via a peristaltic pump (Masterflex, Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, Chicago, IL, USA) set to simulate the half-lives of the antibiotics. All models were performed in duplicate to ensure reproducibility.