For intracellular staining of IL-4 and IFN-γ, co-cultures were further stimulated with 50 ng/ml phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 μg/ml ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0·7 μl GolgiStopTM (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany) for 5 hr. Human IL-6 (R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany), IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p40 RG7420 mw and IFN-γ (BD Biosciences) were measured by ELISA according to the instructions of the distributors of the pairs of antibodies used. The detection limit was 8 pg/ml for IL-4 and 32 pg/ml

for all other cytokines. Surface phenotyping of DCs was performed by staining 5 × 104 cells with specific mouse anti-human mAbs for 20 min at 4°. The following antibodies were used: phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated CD80 (L307.4), CD83 (HB15e), CD86 [2331 (FUN-1)], FITC-conjugated human leucocyte antigen

(HLA)-DR (L243), and mouse IgG isotype controls (all from BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany). For staining of RAGE, DCs were incubated with 0·25 μg of goat anti-human RAGE polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) or goat IgG Stem Cells inhibitor isotype control (R&D Systems) and thereafter with PE-conjugated donkey anti-goat antibody (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). For determination of intracellular cytokines, co-cultures of 5 × 105 CD4+ T cells and 5 × 104 DCs were fixed with Fix/Perm Buffer (eBioscience, San Diego, CA) for 30 min at 4°. Cells were then permeabilized with Permeabilization Buffer (eBioscience) for 5 min and staining was performed

in Permeabilization Buffer for 30 min at 4° using AlexaFluor 647-conjugated CD4 (MT310; Santa Cruz Biotechnology), FITC-conjugated IFN-γ (4S.B3), PE-conjugated IL-4 (MP4-25D2), and mouse or rat isotype controls (all from BD Biosciences). After incubation the cells were washed and analysed in a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences) equipped with CellQuest software. OVA and AGE-OVA were labelled with FITC using a FluoroTag™ FITC conjugation kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Sigma-Aldrich). The adsorption of the conjugated samples was measured at 280 and 495 nm and the fluorescence/protein molar ratio was calculated. Additionally, the degree of FITC conjugation was verified by Resveratrol ELISA using mAb against FITC (Millipore, Schwalbach, Germany). Labelled allergen (1–10 μg/ml) was added to immature DCs on day 6 of culture and internalization was analysed after 10, 60 and 240 min in a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). In some experiments, mannan (200 μg/ml), which blocks the mannose receptor,25 polyinosinic acid (poly I) (20 μg/ml), which blocks the scavenger receptor,26 dimethylamiloride (DMA) (300 μm), which blocks pinocytosis27 (all from Sigma-Aldrich), or goat anti-human RAGE polyclonal antibody (1 μg/ml) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added 30 min before FITC-OVA/FITC-AGE-OVA. FITC-labelled OVA or AGE-OVA was added to immature DCs on day 6 of culture and the internalization was analysed after 4 hr.