(Group A: 29.94 ± 3.89 mm vs 32.29 ± 3.13 mm: p = 0.00); Group B: 30.56 ± 3.30 mm vs 33.08 ± 2.89 mm: p = 0.00). Urinalysis collected at t0 and t3 showed no significant difference in colour; we observed a decrease of urinary pH at t2 (Table 3), as expected after anaerobic exercise, whereas specific urinary gravity after effort (Figure 1) showed a significant increase (Group A: 1020 ± 4.7 g/L vs 1022 ± 4.4 g/L; p = <0.001; Group B: 1018 ± 6.5 g/L vs 1019 ± 5.5 g/L; p =

ns). Data on urine pH and specific gravity between the two groups were compared. The values were not different between the two groups. ABT-888 supplier Table 3 Urine pH detected in Test C (control) and in Test H (hydration) before and after Exercise* Test C t0 t2 Group A 5.6 ± 0.2a 5.3 ± 0.1a Group B 5.6 ± 0.4 5.4 ± 0.5 Test H t 0 t 2 Group A 5.5 ± 0.8 5.4 ± 0.9 Group Peptide 17 B 5.4 ± 0.2b 5.7 ± 0.1b * Data are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 44. Mean values were significantly different: a and bp < 0.05. Figure 1 Urinary specific gravity detected in Test C (Control) before and

after exercise*. *Data are expressed as mean ± SD; n = 44; Group A: 1020 ± 4.7 (t0) vs 1022 ± 4.4 (t3): p = < 0.05 Group B: 1018 ± 6.5 (t0) vs 1019 ± 5.5(t3), p = ns. Test H The body temperature showed an increase t0-t1 in test C (35.9 ± 0.4 °C vs 36.4 ± 0.4 °C; p = <0.001). Bioimpedance analysis performed after hydration (Table 2), showed no difference in group A, whereas in group B we found a slight but significant decrease of ECW at rest and a concomitant increase of ICW. After exercise group B showed a shift of body water, from extracellular to intracellular compartment. Ultrasonography detected an increase in muscular

thickness, in test H. (Group A: 29.93 ± 3.89 mm vs 32.00 ± 3.61 mm; Group B: 30.84 ± 3.47 mm vs 32.82 ± 2.72 mm). In athletes hydrated with Acqua Lete urine pH was Fossariinae more alkaline than in those who drank very low mineral content water (Table 3). The specific gravity of the urine after effort sustained a significant and similar decrease in the two groups but subjects who drank Acqua Lete mineral water (Group B) showed a significantly lower mean values of specific urinary gravity when compared with athletes belonging to Group A (Group A 1014 ± 4.1 g/L vs Group B 1008 ± 4.3 g/L – Figure 2). Figure 2 Urinary specific gravity detected in Test H (test with hydration) before (t 0 ) and 30’ after exercise (t 3 )*. *Data are expressed as mean ± SD; n = 44; Group A: 1021 ± 4.6 (t0) vs 1014 ± 4.1(t3), p = < 0.05 Group B: 1021 ± 3.7 (t0) vs 1008 ± 4.3 (t3), p = < 0.05 Group A (t3) vs Group B (t3) = p < 0.05. Many studies used Wingate Test and modified Wingate Test [14], to assess physiological responses to anaerobic exercise.