It is hard to ascertain how effective the medical methods utilized by Copernicus may have been.”
“Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was one of the first procedures in which computer-assisted techniques were used in orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of navigation for tunnel placement in anterior cruciate ligament surgery remains problematic, as the optimal position for placement of the tunnels is debatable. The technical specification of tunnel position is clinically relevant, but the targets and tolerances for this technical specification

are poorly understood. The inability to reliably quantify knee kinematics and stability before, during, or after Selleck 5-Fluoracil anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction remains a problem. A navigated examination to assess knee stability could potentially close the computer-assisted surgery treatment loop by providing quantitative feedback about various reconstruction techniques. Recent iterations of navigated examinations

for the assessment of stability include even complex pathologic movements, such as those detected with the pivot-shift examination. In this paper, we review conventional stability measurements of the knee and compare them with navigated techniques, with a focus on the navigated pivot-shift examination. In summary, direct intraoperative measurements and quantifications of knee stability, including the pivot-shift phenomenon, are now possible with the use of navigation. Consequently, more reproducible and clinically BMS-777607 supplier meaningful quantification of the pivot-shift phenomenon may allow for more accurate evaluation of various anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction techniques in the future.”
“Langerhans cell histiocytosis is part of a larger group

of syndromes described as histiocytoses. The disease may involve single or multiple systems including skin and nervous system. Here we report an adult case where Langerhans cell histiocytosis presented with diabetes insipidus and cutaneous ulcers.”
“Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), an internationally recognized Polish astronomer, studied liberal arts at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow during the period 1491-1495. Shortly thereafter he was sent by his uncle to Bologna University, where he spent almost Panobinostat molecular weight 5 years (1496-1501) studying law and philosophy. After his return to Poland, Nicolaus was nominated as canon in the cathedral chapter in Frombork. Next he started to study medicine in the University of Padua, one of the best-known centers of medical education in Europe. He was granted a bachelor degree and after another year, a therapeutic license (veniam practicandi), but never obtained his doctoral degree from Padua, though he was always called doctor of medicine (“”medici doctor”"). Copernicus returned to Warmia in 1503 and spent almost 40 years there.