Nosocomial MDRAB infections are usually transmitted between patients by contaminated health-care personnel [11]. Therefore, there is growing interest in controlling the spread of

MDRAB caused by health-care workers, contaminated equipment, and ICU environments www.selleckchem.com/products/pf299804.html through disinfection methods. To date, several disinfection techniques have been evaluated for inactivating A. baumannii, including pasteurization [12], ultraviolet light [13], chemical sanitizers [14–16], ozone [17], and photocatalysis [18]. These sterilization techniques are highly effective in reducing A. baumannii contamination, but may be harmful to humans or surface materials in the ICU environment. Moreover, extensive use of chemicals can cause bacteria to develop resistance to chemical

sanitizers [16, 19]. For example, the growth and virulence of MDRAB are enhanced following exposure to ethanol and alcohol-based hand rubs [20]. Thus, there is an immediate need to develop alternative strategies for preventing buy Ruxolitinib the spread of MDRAB. Bacteriophages (phages) are natural parasites of bacteria and are extremely host-specific. Therefore, the use of phages to reduce the concentration of specific bacterial foodborne pathogens has gained increasing attention [21–24]. For example, phages have been used to treat foods contaminated with strains of Campylobacter[22], Enterobacter[25], Escherichia coli O157 [26], Listeria[23], Salmonella[27], and SB203580 clinical trial Staphylococcus[28, 29]. The levels of these bacterial pathogens have been successfully reduced by 1–5 logs, depending upon the method used. Moreover, the United States Food and Drug Administration has already approved the use of a Listeria-specific phage, Listex P100, for food preservation [30]. Although these studies suggest that bacteriophages might be highly effective in reducing MDRAB levels, this has not been studied in detail. Although phages can significantly reduce the amount of pathogenic bacteria in liquid foods [22–24], the use of phages to reduce the levels of bacteria on hard surfaces has rarely been studied. Culture-positive swab samples of MDRAB have been recovered from

frequently touched surfaces in ICUs [14, 31]. These observations indicate the Reverse transcriptase possible role of environmental surfaces in the spread of MDRAB [32]. Liquid suspensions containing a high concentration of phages allow the free diffusion of phages to ensure contact with their specific host [23]. However, for hard surfaces, an uneven and large surface area may limit the distribution of phage particles and decrease their ability to reach their bacterial targets [26]. This is especially true for low concentrations of bacteria that are unevenly distributed in the environment [33]. Therefore, the effects of phage concentration, host cell concentration and incubation time (the duration of phage contact with bacteria) on the degree of biocontrol on hard surfaces should be further investigated.