Other exclusion criteria were a history of central nervous system (CNS) infection, stroke, serious head injury, or other neurologic event likely to affect cognition. Many patients were exposed to low doses of psychoactive drugs, either on a prescription or recreational basis. Given that this is a clinical reality in this population, we excluded only those in whom drug effects might be expected to substantially affect cognition. Of the patients originally referred selleck screening library for the study, only three

met one of these exclusion criteria (one with MoCA <20, one with a history of another CNS process, and one with intoxication at the time of testing). The protocol was approved by the ethics board of the McGill University Health Centre, and all participants provided informed consent. All tests Pirfenidone price were administered

in the same session by a trained research technician, in a quiet room, in the patient’s choice of either French or English. Clinical information was collected using a semi-structured interview at the time of testing, supplemented by clinic chart review. Patient age, sex, educational level, and mother tongue were recorded and evaluated for their impact on cognitive test performance. Age was coded into 5-year bins and educational level was coded as some vs. no education at the university level. Mother tongue was coded as English, French or other. Clinical characteristics deemed relevant to cognitive test performance and HIV-infection-related

variables were also recorded, including the presence of self-reported cognitive complaints (no/yes), and Selleckchem Sunitinib the presence of depressive symptoms as evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II; minimal, mild, moderate or severe). The MoCA was administered and scored according to the published instructions for this test (http://www.mocatest.org). Individual items of the MoCA test were coded dichotomously as failed or passed for each patient, with the exception of Serial 7s subtraction. For this item we used a polytomous scoring system of 0 to 5 based on the sum of correct responses over five consecutive subtractions. Participants performed seven tasks examining different aspects of frontal lobe function. Reversal learning. Participants learned to make response selections based on feedback. The score was the total number of correct selections [28]. Emotion recognition. Participants rated the degree of emotional expression in a series of faces and were scored based on the difference between ratings of emotional and neutral faces [29]. Letter 2-back task. In this working memory test, a series of letters was presented and participants were scored on their ability to detect letters matching the one presented two trials previously [30]. Stop-signal task.