“
“Ring chromosomes are often associated with abnormal phenotypes due to loss of genomic material and also because of ring instability at mitosis after sister chromatid exchange events. We investigated ring chromosome instability in six patients with ring NU7441 chromosomes 4, 14, 15, and 18 by examining 48- and 72-h lymphocyte cultures at the first, second and subsequent cell divisions after bromodeoxyuridine incorporation.

Although most cells from all patients showed only one monocentric ring chromosome, ring chromosome loss and secondary aberrations were observed both in 48-and 72-h lymphocyte cultures and in metaphase cells of the different cell generations. We found no clear-cut correlation between ring size and ring instability; we also did not find differences between apparently complete rings and rings with genetic material loss. The cytogenetic findings revealed secondary aberrations in all ring chromosome patients. We concluded that cells with ring chromosome instability can multiply and survive in vivo, and that they can influence the patient’s phenotype.”
“Organelle movement is an evident feature of pollen tubes and is essential for the process of tube growth because it enables the proper distribution of organelles and the accumulation of secretory vesicles in the tube apex. Organelles move along the actin filaments through dynamic interactions

with myosin but other proteins are probably responsible for control of this selleck screening library activity. The role of microtubules and microtubule-based motors is less clear and somewhat enigmatic. Nevertheless, the

pollen tube is an excellent cell model in which to study and analyse the molecular mechanisms that drive and control organelle motility in relation to plant cell expansion. Current knowledge and the main scientific discoveries in this field of research over the last 20 years are summarized here. Future prospects in the study of the molecular mechanisms that mediate organelle transport and vesicle accumulation learn more during pollen tube elongation are also discussed.”
“Study Design. A case report.

Objective. To raise awareness of the development of atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) in the setting of congenital vertebral anomalies/malformations.

Summary of Background Data. Klippel-Feil Syndrome (KFS) is a complex, heterogeneous condition noted as congenital fusion of 2 or more cervical vertebrae with or without spinal or extraspinal manifestations. Although believed to be a rare occurrence in the population, KFS may be underreported. Proper diagnosis of KFS and other congenital conditions affecting the spine is imperative to devise proper management protocols and avoid potential complications resulting from the altered biomechanics associated with such conditions and their abnormal vertebral morphology.