The bilateral

inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44, 45, 46) was activated with a left hemisphere dominance during AO + MI of movement. Part of this region (left BA 46) was also active during MI of the dynamic balance task. It has been speculated that the Broca region (particularly BA 44) may form part of the mirror neuron system (Grezes et al., 2003), which may also be activated by observation and MI of movement (Gatti et al., 2013). In summary, there is ample evidence that the SMA, premotor cortex, M1, basal ganglia (putamen), selleckchem and cerebellum play a significant role in physically executed balance control (see section above). Now, the current study showed for the first time that these regions can also be activated by AO + MI of a dynamic balance task; MI produced comparable activity in the SMA, putamen and the cerebellum but non-significant activation http://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html of M1 and PMv/d. In contrast, AO did not activate any of these motor areas. Furthermore, for AO + MI and MI, activity was generally greater in the dynamic perturbation task compared to the static standing task. Based on these results it may be argued that best

training effects should be expected when subjects apply MI during AO (AO + MI) of challenging balance tasks. This might be especially relevant for temporarily immobilized patients that want to reduce their risk of falling in the recovery phase after immobilization. However, future research in immobilized subjects has to verify that AO + MI indeed lead to faster regains in skill level. This work

was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF research grant 320030_144016 / 1). “
“Born in 1863, Heinrich Interleukin-3 receptor Sachs was a German neurologist and neuroanatomist who obtained his specialisation in neurology and psychiatry with Carl Wernicke in Breslau (Forkel, 2014). Sachs published on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1885), aphasia (1893; 1905), and traumatic neurosis (1909), but arguably his most distinctive contribution was in the field of white matter neuroanatomy. Whilst still a doctor in training he spent most of his time looking at series of cross-sections obtained from human brains. This painstaking effort resulted in the publication of the first atlas of the occipital lobe connections in the human brain (Sachs, 1892). Sachs’s atlas contains detailed descriptions of the methodological approaches he employed, which makes the text not always an easy reading; but the figures are beautifully informative and include many previously undescribed tracts.