The chemical heterogeneity and structural complexity of GAGs make investigations of these molecules most challenging, with fundamental questions arising as to how topological positioning and function of cells and tissues are regulated by GAGs. Back in 1979, we were among the first to realize that the ECM plays an active role in orchestrating cellular responses to both normal and pathological situations.1,2 The emerging picture was one of active interplay between cells and ECM

where cells synthesize the matrix components which in turn dictate and regulate cell shape and function.1,2 The ECM network of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans provides adherent cells with structural Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical support and biochemical cues that regulate cell fate and function. We developed a straightforward approach to coat plastic surfaces Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with ECM deposited by cultured endothelial cells and demonstrated that this naturally produced ECM closely resembles the subendothelial basement membrane (BM) in vivo.2,3 This ECM and the more commonly used three-dimensional tumor-derived BM-like substrate (Matrigel™; BD Biosciences)4 are being applied to sustain cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in vitro, retaining the in-vivo characteristics.5 The ECM/Matrigel system is also widely

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical used to study tumor cell invasion Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and vascular sprouting. Tumor cell invasion and spread through the blood and lymphatics (metastasis) is the hall-mark of malignant disease and the greatest impediment to cancer cure. Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary tumor, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites, and grow. Each of these processes involves rate-limiting steps that are influenced by the malignant and non-malignant cells of the tumor microenvironment.6,7 A tumor must continuously recruit new VX-809 clinical trial capillary blood vessels (a

process called angiogenesis) to sustain itself and grow.8 Moreover, the new blood Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical vessels embedded in the tumor serve as a gateway for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites.7 Numerous studies have shown that metastasis formation depends on the ability those of tumor cells to invade blood vessel walls and tissue barriers in a process involving enzymes capable of digesting ECM components. Attention focused on serine (i.e. plasminogen activators) and cysteine (i.e. cathepsins) proteases as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).9 These enzymes, whose substrates include major components of the ECM, including collagens, laminin, fibronectin, and vitronectin, are often up-regulated in metastatic cancers. It was originally thought that their role was simply to break down tissue barriers, enabling tumor cells to invade through stroma and blood vessel at primary and secondary sites.