The critical measure for anxiety is the time spent in the open arms of the maze. A confounding problem of the EPM is the so called one-trial tolerance (OTT), characterized by a marked decrease of open arm exploration in spite of treatment with anxiolytic acting benzodiazepines upon re-exposure to the EPM. This consistent finding is often raised as an evidence for the inappropriateness to re-test rodents in the EPM. However, a reliable re-test paradigm would broaden the usability and effectiveness of this test. Therefore, we tested how an extension of the inter-trial interval

to 28 days (instead of the usual 24 h), and an additional change of the testing room would affect the open arm time and other behaviors on the EPM. In two experiments, drug-naive Wistar rats were exposed to the EPM on trial 1, and treated GSK923295 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor intraperitoneally with either vehicle or midazolam (0.25 mg/kg) 30 min before trial 2. Then, trial 2 (28 days after trial 1) was carried out in either the same testing room (Experiment 1) or in another unfamiliar room (Experiment 2). Twenty-eight PFTα in vivo days after trial 1 the open arm time of the rats in the vehicle treated control rats of both experimental groups was comparable

to that of the first trial, independent of the testing room. Most importantly, we found that the treatment with the benzodiazepine midazolam had a significantly anxiolytic-like (i.e., increase of open arm time) effect in trial 2 only when conducted in the previously unfamiliar testing room (Experiment 2). We suggest that in order to reliably re-test the EPM and to prevent confounding effects due to the OTT, an inter-trial interval of 28 days and a change in testing rooms reinstates anxiolytic-like actions of benzodiazepines.”
“Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of rejuvenation surgery

through double eyelid incision instead of face-lifting for the correction of different types of the upper eyelid sagging in older East Asian patients.

Materials Vadimezan and Methods: A total of 40 patients (80 aging upper eyelids) with upper eyelid sagging were retrospectively examined. The age of the patients ranged from 53 to 85 years (mean age, 65 y). After a thorough preoperative evaluation, the corresponding operations were performed and the follow-up results were obtained.

Results: The operation of each patient with a mean follow-up period of 6 months was combined for a total of 80 rejuvenation operations. A total of 34 patients (85%) were satisfied with the postoperative appearance, 3 patients (7.5%) showed inadequate skin reduction, 1 patient (2.5%) had asymmetry between 2 blepharoplasty lines, and 2 patients (5%) showed obvious scars.

Conclusions: Through a thorough preoperative evaluation, rejuvenation surgery through blepharoplasty incision is an effective solution for mild to moderate upper eyelid sagging in older Asian patients.