The presence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors associated with CKD may be responsible, at least partly, for the development of CVD. Additionally, reduced kidney function may be a marker of the severity of either diagnosed or undiagnosed vascular disease. Finally, patients with CKD may not receive sufficient therapy to prevent CVD, including medications such as aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Atrial

fibrillation (AF) is common clinically significant arrhythmia in patients with hypertension. AF is significant risk factor for ischemic stroke and heart failure events. In 1118 consecutive hypertensive patients of our hospital, the new-onset AF was found in 1.1% per year during follow-up period (4.5 year). CKD was associated Imatinib with an increased risk of new-onset AF, and the impact of CKD Autophagy animal study on the incidence of AF was independent of left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial dilation. In particular, advanced stages of CKD were closely related to the increasing occurrence of AF. Therefore, in managing hypertensive patients, it may be important to prevent the progression of renal dysfunction in prevention of the occurrence of AF. Clinical markers of renal damage such as proteinuria and reduced GFR were revealed as strong risk factors for CVD. Recently, the attention to markers of subclinical renal damage Thiamet G has been growing because of

their predictive value of cardiovascular outcome. Renal Doppler ultrasonography has been used to explore the capacity of resistive index (RI) calculated from blood flow velocity in the prediction of the renal outcome in patients with hypertension, diabetes and CKD. In 426 consecutive

hypertensive patients of our hospital, the increased RI on the baseline Doppler ultrasonography was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and renal outcomes and the combination of high RI and low GFR was a powerful predictor of poor outcome in hypertensive patients. RI evaluation will complement screening for cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, CKD markers such as proteinuria, GFR and RI were useful predictor for CVD outcomes. Therefore, the evaluation and control of CKD markers may be important to prevent CVD. YAMAMOTO TAE1, MIYAZAKI MARIKO1, NAKAYAMA MASAAKI2, MATSUSHIMA MASATO3, SATO HIROSHI4, ITO SADAYOSHI1 1Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; 2Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology Vascular Medicine and Diabetology, Fukushima Medical University, Japan; 3Department of Clinical research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan; 4Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan Background: Hypertension is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and for progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).