These modes of regulation add to the complexity of the Rho GTPase signaling network and allow precise spatiotemporal control of individual Rho GTPases. This review discusses these ‘unconventional’ modes of regulation and their contribution to cellular function, focusing on post-transcriptional and post-translational events beyond

the classic GTPase cycle regulatory model.”
“The structure of the porin complexes of Neisseria meningitides was assessed in the vaccine strain H44/76 and its homologous mutants lacking the main porins (PorA and PorB) and other outer membrane (OM) components (RmpM and FetA). The analysis using 1-D blue native (BN) electrophoresis, 2-D BN/SDS-PAGE and

2-D diagonal electrophoresis, followed by LC/MS-MS (for 1-D gels) or MALDI-TOF (for 2-D Selleckchem PRT062607 gels) revealed at least six porin complexes in the wild-type strain with molecular masses (MW) ranging from 145 to 195 kDa and variable composition: The two higher MW complexes are formed by PorA, PorB and RmpM, the following three are formed by PorA and PorB, and the lower MW one is formed by only PorB. Complexes in the mutants lacking either PorA, PorB or RmpM, but not those in the mutant lacking FetA, were alterered respect to MX69 those in the wild-type strain. The most evident alteration was seen in the mutant lacking PorB, in which PorA formed only a high MW complex (approximate to 800 kDa). Our results suggest that PorA and PorB could form a ‘basic’ template for the transportation systems in the OM of the meningococci. Other proteins (such as RmpM) could be transiently associated to the porin complexes, depending on the specific tranport needs at different stages of the meningococcal life

cycle, resulting in a dynamic net of pores of variable composition.”
“Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) participates in opioid receptor signalling through complex molecular mechanisms. The acute Lonafarnib nmr effects of selective mu-(fentanyl) and delta-(SNC-80) opioid receptor agonists, as well as the chronic effects of morphine (the prototypic opiate agonist mainly acting at mu-receptors), modulating cdk5 and activators p35/p25 and their interactions with neurotoxic/apoptotic factors, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were quantified (Western Blot analyses) in the rat corpus striatum and/or cerebral cortex. To assess the involved mechanisms, MDL28170 was used to inhibit calpain activity and SL327 to disrupt MEK (ERK kinase)-ERK activation. Acute fentanyl (0.1 mg/kg) and SNC-80 (10 mg/kg) induced rapid (7-60 min) 2- to 4-fold increases of p25 content, without induction of cdk5/p25 pro-apoptotic c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase or aberrant cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1, a hallmark of apoptosis.