Thus, it appears that greater excursion is required to overcome the caudal shift in limb position during the propulsive phases of the step cycle. Unlike the cat, greater flexion was not associated with hypermetria as the paw height during swing was normal (Basso et al. 1994; Fig. 2). Interestingly, the locomotor phases with prominent joint deceleration and lengthening contractions had below normal excursions. This reduction in kinematics during E1 and E2 may be due in part to aberrant motor control strategies. Indeed, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical alterations in fine control of intralimb coordination are prominent during E1 and E2 phases for
both proximal and distal joints (Fig. 4). Moreover, a prevalent, almost uniform delay in neural recruitment of distal HL muscles occurred for the TA, LG, and ST1 (+37.1%, +41.04%, +45.1%, respectively; Fig. 7). To our knowledge, we are the first to quantify recruitment latencies after experimental SCI in rats. Contrary to other SCI models, we did not observe increased recruitment of erector spinae musculature (data not shown), Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical nor did we Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical find aberrant coactivation between muscle pairs or across adjacent joints (Ballermann et al. 2006). Figure 10 Mild contusion injury results in a central core lesion and peripheral rim of spared white matter. Image depicts the injury epicenter of an animal
with a final BBB score of 18 and 64.9% white matter sparing. Figure 11 The extent of open field recovery correlates with white matter sparing. Endpoint BBB scores are plotted against the percentage of spared white matter (r 2 = 0.8502; P < 0.01). Significance determined using Pearson's correlation analysis. VE-822 order eccentric motor control is impaired after SCI Eccentric motor control is a complex
skill that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical emerges late in development (Enoka 1996). During an eccentric contraction, the CNS regulates motor neuron activation to produce Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical muscle forces below an external load resulting in active lengthening. Thus, each lengthening contraction represents the integration of afferent input regarding load and stretch with descending recruitment of motor neurons. Precise CNS modulation prevents muscle spindle-induced stretch reflexes from triggering uncontrolled spasticity after SCI. Other benefits of eccentric contractions include priming the contralateral SB-3CT limb for increased force production, reduced fatigue, and increased metabolic efficiency (Enoka 1996; Grabiner and Owings 1999; Lindstedt et al. 2001). While eccentric actions occur in various parts of the step cycle, the clearest and most predominant occurrence is during weight acceptance or yield phase (E2) when ST and other hamstring muscles lengthen to dissipate impact forces. Our finding that eccentric excursion during yield is markedly impaired across the knee and ankle after contusion confirms previous findings in cats with hemisection SCI (Helgren and Goldberger 1993; Basso et al. 1994; Fig. 4.).