To characterize the extracellular fungal proteins associated with the buy EPZ-6438 silver nanoparticles, SDS-PAGE was used. Cell filtrate (CF) was isolated by centrifugation from mycelial mat slurry. Protein profiles of cell filtrate clearly showed the presence of several bands of molecular weights between 50 and over 116 kDa (Figure 7, lane 2). Some of these proteins may be responsible for synthesis as well as stability of the silver nanoparticles. Treatment of silver nanoparticles with 1% SDS in boiling water bath for 10 min resulted in

detachment of the capping protein(s) from the nanoparticles. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE, the boiled sample showed an intense band of 85 kDa (Figure 7, lane 4) which was not seen when the nanoparticles were not boiled with sample buffer (Figure 7, lane 3). This band is similar to the protein band present in Selleck LGX818 the cell filtrate (Figure 7, lane 2). It is likely that this 85-kDa protein acts as a capping material and confers stability to the silver nanoparticles. Detection of extracellular proteins responsible for selleck chemicals llc synthesis and stability

of silver nanoparticles were also reported from a few other literatures [14, 36]. The presence of natural capping proteins eliminates the postproduction steps of capping which is necessary for most of applications of nanoparticles in the field of medicine. Figure 7 SDS-PAGE analysis of capping protein around the silver nanoparticles. Lane 1, molecular size marker; lane 2, extracellular proteins in the cell filtrate; lane 3, nanoparticles loaded without boiling show no protein band; and lane 4, nanoparticles after boiling with 1% SDS loading buffer show a major 85-kDa capping protein. Genotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles against plasmid DNA Agarose gel electrophoresis

of plasmid pZPY112 treated Tangeritin with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles showed a dose-dependent induction of DNA strand break, characterized by increased degradation of supercoiled form to relaxed circle to linear forms with increase in concentration of nanoparticles used (Figure 8). DNA strand scission induced by silver nanoparticle leads to gradual degradation in the amount of both linear and supercoiled DNA and appearance of extra bands lower in the gel which are the resultant fragmented DNA (Figure 8). Besides their antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles have been shown to be potentially genotoxic by in vivo and in vitro assays [37]. In the present study, the genotoxicity exhibited by silver nanoparticles was demonstrated by degradation of plasmid posttreatment even with low concentrations of the nanoparticles. Such genotoxic activities of nanoparticles were reported earlier in case of carbon nanotubes [38] where degree of DNA degradation was directly proportional to the concentration of nanoparticles. A proposed mechanism of DNA damage is through generation of singlet oxygen as reported in the case of copper nanoparticles [30].