To reduce these anticancer drug resistances broader targeting and non-MDR affecting small molecule agents are considered in combination with antibody-based biologics. 2.2.2. Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Inhibitor-Based Combination Regimen Lapatinib is a small molecule dual tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor

of EGFR and HER2 that, like TRZ, has demonstrated a significant improvement in overall survival when added to the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer [53]. The benefit of lapatinib combined with chemotherapeutic agents (Table 2) as compared to chemotherapeutic agents alone was seen in patients with progressive, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who were previously treated with an anthracycline, a taxane, and TRZ. Cameron et al. reported that patients treated with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical combination of lapatinib and capecitabine showed improved overall survival time of 75 weeks compared to that of 64.7 weeks in the patients treated with capecitabine [45]. However due to the broad selectivity of lapatinib, the primary observed toxicities of lapatinib are nonspecific such as diarrhea, acneiform skin rash, nausea, and pruritus [47]. Another strategy for targeting VEGF and tumor angiogenesis is the use of small molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors that target Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the VEGF receptor (VEGFR), including sunitinib,

sorafenib, axitinib, and pazopanib. Gianni et al. reported improved response rate of 72% with the docetaxel plus sunitinib Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical combination

compared to 11% with sunitinib monotherapy. Most common side effects of sunitinib are anorexia, fatigue, mucositis, diarrhea, and nausea. However, the combination was well tolerated and did not significantly worsen the toxicity associated with the chemotherapy alone [48]. Although these agents, alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or other biologics, hold great promise, to date they have failed to demonstrate significant activity in metastatic breast cancer [54, 55]. Most small molecule tyrosine kinase Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical receptor inhibitors have dose-related toxicity such as hepatotoxicity compared to monoclonal antibody therapy mainly due to less selective distribution. 2.2.3. Poly(Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor-Based Regimen Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) CYTH4 is a DNA-binding protein involved in detection and repair of DNA strand breaks [56]. PARP inhibitors are a new and exciting class of agents to treat triple-negative and BRCA-mutated breast cancer [57]. Cancers defective in DNA repair, specifically cancers with mutations in the breast cancer associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and triple-negative breast cancer (which shares molecular and pathologic CHIR-98014 research buy features with BRCA1-related breast cancers) appear to be particularly sensitive to inhibition of PARP-1 [58].