To this end, ibuprofen was used as a model hydrophobic drug while synthetic membranes were used as barriers. The parameters investigated included Franz cell dimensions, stirring conditions, membrane type, membrane treatment, temperature regulation and sampling frequency. It was determined that validation dramatically reduced derived data variability as the coefficient of variation

for steady-state ibuprofen permeation from a gel formulation was reduced from 25.7% to 5.3% (n=6). Thus, validation and refinement Selleckchem ABT-737 of the protocol combined with improved operator training can greatly enhance reproducibility in Franz cell experimentation.”
“Grinding of tires offers a promising GSK126 order opportunity for recycling waste rubber because fine waste tire rubber particle may be used as fillers and property modifiers in thermoplastic, elastomer, and thermoset blends. However, due to the lack of reactive sites on the WTR surface, the adhesion between WTR powder and matrix is poor. In this article, ozonization

of waste tire rubber (WTR) powder was performed to produce some “”immobile”" reactive points (hydroperoxide groups) on the WTR surface. The free radical generated by the decomposition of hydroperoxide groups on WTR surface, was used to initiate graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto the surface of WTR powder. The experimental results showed that MMA was successfully grafted onto the surface of WTR. The hydrophilicity of the MMA selleckchem grafted WTR (MMA-g-WTR) was improved. The concentration of hydroperoxide groups and the graft degree were both increased with ozonization time. With increasing of polymerization time and polymerization temperature, the grafting degree increased. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2262-2270, 2011″
“Background:

Malaria remains a serious problem in French Guiana, which is at potential risk for drought linked with the El Nino Event and where there could be a risk of malaria epidemic after the onset of an El Nino event.

Methods: A time series analysis using ARIMA was developed to investigate temporal correlations between the monthly Plasmodium falciparum case numbers and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) at the Cayenne General Hospital between 1996 and 2009.

Results: The data showed a positive influence of El Nino at a lag of three months on P. falciparum cases (p < 0.001). The incorporation of SOI data in the ARIMA model reduced the AIC by 4%.

Conclusions: Although there is a statistical link, the predictive value of ENSO to modulate prevention intervention seems marginal in French Guiana. However, additional work should refine the regional dependence of malaria on the ENSO state.