We conclude that HR analysis using

Suunto’s software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 2011a, RC1) needs further development for use in estimations of the daily TEE in free-living individuals. The authors have no conflicts to disclose. This work was funded by the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Ministry of Education, Suunto Oy, the Shanghai overseas distinguish professor award program 2011, the Shanghai Key Lab of mTOR cancer Human Performance (No. 11DZ2261100), and 2012 National Science and Technology Infrastructure Program (Grant No. 2012BAK21B00). “
“Obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.1 and 2 Lifestyle interventions, such as dietary weight loss and increasing physical activity (PA), are advocated for the treatment INCB018424 concentration of obesity and prevention of future chronic diseases.3 and 4 The mechanisms through which dietary weight loss and exercise training alter adipose tissue lipid metabolism and lower adiposity need to be investigated. Lipolysis is the process by which triglycerides stored in adipocytes are broken down and free fatty acids and glycerol are released. One of the important enzymes to regulate adipocyte lipolysis is hormone sensitive lipase (HSL).5

HSL and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) work hierarchically to regulate complete lipolysis.6 Currently, HSL and ATGL have been considered to be the major regulators of lipolysis under catecholamine-stimulated and basal lipolysis, respectively.7 In the absence of adipose tissue HSL or ATGL, energy metabolism was altered next and exercise performance was impaired in mice.8 and 9 However, fasting, but not exercise, up-regulated ATGL expression in human adipose tissue,10 suggesting that exercise may be more effective in regulating HSL, but not ATGL in adipose tissue. The role of exercise training intensity on adipose tissue metabolism has been reported by several studies. In exercise-only studies, vigorous-intensity, but not moderate-intensity exercise,

tended to increase adipose lipolysis.11 and 12 However, it is unclear if this is due to an exercise training effect on adipose tissue HSL expression. In an animal study, exercise training increased adipose tissue HSL amount and activity.13 It is well known that an acute exercise session increases catecholamine levels and the release of catecholamines is directly related to exercise intensity.14 It is highly possible that acute and chronic exercise intensity also influences HSL, which is the key enzyme to regulate catecholamine-stimulate lipolysis. However, the effect of exercise training intensity on adipose tissue HSL has not been studied, especially in obese individuals during dietary weight loss. Identification of effective lifestyle interventions is needed for the treatment of obesity. Changes in adipose tissue metabolism by lifestyle interventions may be reflected in current or future changes in adiposity.