We found that males had higher SMR than females when disregarding

the age effect. Taking age into consideration, our results showed that females actually had higher SMR in the younger age groups (aged 60 to 69), but lower SMR in the older age groups (greater than or check details equal to 80 years) when compared with males. Similar findings were also found in Korea [25]. We suspect that the withdrawal effect of estrogen after menopause is more pronounced in the younger female (aged 60–69) among Asian populations. But we have no data to support this speculation. Other studies from Finland, Denmark, and the US found that males had higher SMR than females consistently for all age groups [14] and [46]. Subjects with hip fracture as defined in this work were elderly inpatients with age equal to or greater than 60 years, who were followed up at various periods (one to 12 years). Therefore, unknown confounding factors might exist or change during the follow-up period. Although we have conducted an analysis to examine a number of risk factors, many were not available for adjustment, such as pre-operative joint function/condition, smoking status, body mass index, bone mineral density, lifestyle, severity of comorbidity, and quality of life, among others. Unlike other case–control or cohort studies, we did not include controls. We calculated SMRs from the national health statistics and did not

directly compare Tofacitinib nmr the relative risk of death to the population

without hip fracture or to the population who had hip fracture but did not undergo surgery. The main reason is that we do not have the complete data on these populations in the database to enable us to perform such an analysis. Between 1999 and 2009, the incidence rate of hip fracture in Taiwan’s elderly aged 60 years or older declined, as did annual mortality and SMR. Comparing SMR with Taiwan’s general population, hip fracture mainly affected short-term mortality, especially in the first year following hip fracture (SMR = 9.67). Comparison of elderly males and females by age group showed that female SMR was higher than male SMR in the younger age group and vice versa in the older age group. Age- and gender-specific intervention strategies are required for osteoporotic hip fracture. The Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. “
“Bone resorption is critical to model and remodel the skeleton during growth and adult life, and may also lead to pathological bone destruction and fragilization. Bone resorption is performed by OCs,1 specialized cells able to solubilize both of the two main bone constituents, mineral and collagen. Mineral is solubilized by protons generated by carbonic anhydrase and pumped into the resorption lacunae. This exposes the collagen fibers which become available for degradation by proteinases [1].