a blocker of diacylglycerol lipase (DGL) that produces an endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). AM251 and THL did not affect depolarization-induced Ca(2+) transients in PCs, and THL did not suppress cannabinoid sensitivity of PFs. Moreover, DSE at PF-PC synapses was absent in CB(1) knockout mice. AM251 also eliminated transient suppression of PF-PC synaptic LEE011 transmission following a brief burst of PF stimulation, a phenomenon known to be mediated by mGluR1. These results suggest that DSE and mGluR1-mediated

suppression in young adult PCs are mediated by endocannabinoids, and that glutamate, if any, has little contribution. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Traditionally, perceptual learning in humans and classical conditioning in animals have been considered Selinexor nmr as two very different research areas, with separate problems, paradigms, and explanations. However, a number of themes common to these fields of research emerge when they are approached from the more general concept of representational learning. To demonstrate this, I present results of several learning experiments with human adults and infants, exploring how internal representations of complex unknown visual patterns might emerge in the brain. I provide evidence that this learning cannot be captured fully by any simple pairwise associative learning scheme, but rather by a probabilistic inference

process called Bayesian model averaging, in which the brain is assumed to formulate the most likely chunking/grouping of its previous experience into independent representational units. Such a generative model attempts to represent the entire world of stimuli with optimal ability to generalize to likely scenes in the future. I review the evidence showing that a similar philosophy and generative scheme of representation has successfully described a wide range of experimental data in the domain of classical conditioning in animals. These convergent findings suggest Reverse transcriptase that statistical theories of representational learning might help

to link human perceptual learning and animal classical conditioning results into a coherent framework.”
“Recent work has demonstrated that a phosphatidylinositol (PI)-linked D-1 dopamine receptor selective agonist, SKF83959, mediates phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis via activation of phospholipase C in brain. Specific contributions of SKF83959 to synaptic plasticity have not been well elucidated. The aim of the current investigation was to characterize the role of SKF83959 on long-term depression (LTD) in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices and to explore the molecular events leading to these changes. The results indicated that SKF83959 stimulation significantly depressed field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in a dose-dependent manner and facilitated the induction of LTD by LFS. SKF83959-facilitated LTD required activation of phospholipase C (PLC).