(c) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We evaluated the safety and oncological efficacy of repeat nephron sparing surgery in a renal remnant.

Materials and Methods: We identified 18 patients who underwent 22 repeat nephron sparing surgeries at our institution between 1970 and 2003. Data regarding clinical characteristics, pathological characteristics and perioperative complication rates were collected.

Using patients as their own controls, data from the initial C188-9 cell line nephron sparing surgery on a surgically naive kidney (group 1) were compared with data from the repeat nephron sparing surgery (group 2).

Results: A solitary remnant and von Hippel-Lindau disease at the time of repeat nephron sparing surgery were present in 12 (67%) and 7 (39%) patients, respectively. Median preoperative creatinine was 1.2 and 1.4 mg/dl, and median tumor size was 2.0 and 1.9 cm in groups I and 2, respectively. The 2002 primary tumor classification was similar between the 2 groups. There were no perioperative

deaths in either group. There was at least 1 perioperative complication observed in 7 (39%) patients in group 1 vs 5 (28%) in group 2. Only 1 patient had chronic renal failure after the first procedure, WZB117 nmr while a second patient had chronic renal failure and 1 had chronic renal insufficiency after the second procedure. Overall and cancer specific survival at 5 years was 71% and 83%, respectively.

Conclusions: Repeat nephron sparing surgery is a safe procedure that results in complication rates similar to those associated with nephron RAS p21 protein activator 1 sparing surgery on a surgically naive kidney in carefully selected patients.”
“Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral

field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these midbrain regions and admixed with the dopamine neurons, are also substantial populations of GAEAergic neurons that regulate dopamine neuron activity and have projection targets similar to those of dopamine neurons. Additionally, there is a small group of putative glutamatergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area whose function remains unclear. Although dopamine neurons have been intensively studied and quantified, there is little quantitative information regarding the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. We therefore used unbiased stereological methods to estimate the number of dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic cells in these regions in the rat. Neurons were identified using a combination of immunohistochemistry (tyrosine hydroxylase) and in situ hybridization (glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 mRNA). In substantia nigra pars compacta 29% of cells were glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA-positive, 58% in the retrorubral field and 35% in the ventral tegmental area.